Brazilian Days (144): May 24

Brazilian Days 144

May 24

 

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Café
(Coffee). The day was established in the Fifties of the past century, by the Brazilian Department of Industry and Commerce. However, according to ABIC (Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Café; Brazilian Associantion of Coffee Industry), the date was introduced in 2005. Other data of ‘Dia do Cafe’ are 14 April, 21 April, and 29 November.
Brazil is still world leader in coffee production. In total, more than 2 billion hectares in Brazil are used for coffee plantations. The production is about 2 billion kilos, worth about 2 billion euros. Minas Gerais is Brazilian market leader in coffee production (65 percent), followed by neighboring state of Espírito Santo. The origin of coffee culture is attributable to the smuggle of a couple of coffee beans by a French-Brazilian nobleman, Francisco de Mello Palheta, in 1727. The nobleman had a secret relationship with the wife of the Governor of Cayenne (now French Guyana), and smuggled the beans in a vase that was destined to the Brazilian woman. Thanks to him, more than twenty million Brazilians work in the coffee sector. About 95% of the Brazilians older than 15 drink at least one cup of coffee per day.

  

---

Dia do Datilógrafo
(Dactylograph). The first dactylograph was already patented in 1714 by Henri Mill (USA). In 1869, the Remington typewriter was introduced, and many typewriters appeared in offices. These typewriters were succeeded by electronic typewriters, and by computers. A Brazilian also had contributed to the development of the typewriter. In 1861, father João Azevedo developed the so-called ‘Mechanograph’.

---

Dia do Vestibulando
(Candidate Student). Typical Brazil: vestibular are preparatory studies and exams for admittance to the university. These exams are held once a year; usually at the end of the calendar year. The exams is divided into two stages. The first stage consists of multiple choice questions about eight subjects: Portuguese, one foreign language (English, French, or Spanish), Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geography, and History. The second stage is more specific to the discipline the students wants to study at the university. These exams contain open questions. The exams are considered as very tough: only the top ranking students are admitted.

---

Dia Nacional do Milho
(Corn). This day was established in 1965 (decreto 56,286), by the Brazilian Department of Agriculture. The exact date is established annually by the same Department. 24 May refers to the first Festa do Milho in Pato de Minas (MG) in 1959. Festas de Milho (Corn Parties) are accompanied by much folklore, parades and the election of the corn queen (Rainha do Milho). Around this time, corn is harvested in Brazil. In Brazil, about 18 kg of corn is consumed per capita, annually.

---

Dia da Infantaria do Exército
(Infantry). This day refers to the Battle of Tuiuti in Paraguay. The Tripe Alliance (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay) fought a bloody war against Paraguayan troops. The battle of Tuiuti resulted in nearly a thousand deaths at the allied side, and more than six thousand deaths at the Paraguayan side.

---

Dia do Radiotelegrafista / Dia do Telegrafista
(Telegraph / Telegrapher). This is one of the oldest commemorative data, established by the government: in 1944.

 

---

Dia Nacional do Detento
(Prisoner). On this day, attention is paid to prisoners who still have to endure harsh conditions in Brazilian prisons.

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1985
Death of Brazilian singer Carlos Galhardo

---

1870
D. Pedro II liberated 70 slaves’ children at the Imperial Fazenda

---

1880
Visit of D. pedro II to the city of Campo Largo – PR

---

1819
Death of Bárbara Heliodora in Minas Gerais.
She was poet, heroin of the Inconfidência Mineira (Mineiro Conspiracy).

 

---

1866
Battle of Tuiuti
The battle – during the war between the Triple Alliance of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay against Paraguay – left 16 thousand people dead or seriously wounded.

  

---

1961
Creation of Parque Nacional (National Park) do Caparaó (MG/ ES)

---

1992
Imprisonment of bispo (religious leader) Edir Macedo
He was liberated on 4 June 1992.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Imaging Brazil 277: Countryman in Timóteo, MG (2010)

A personal selection of photographs with their stories.

277: Countryman

In January 2010 I visited friends in Coronel Fabriciano, a medium-sized city of just over one hundred thousand inhabitants, at about two hundred km east of Belo Horizonte. From there, day trips were made to the big city of Ipatinga, and to the neighboring city of Timóteo. On our way a mountain peak was visited, from where the beautiful mountain landscape could be admired. The road passed through the countryside, partly on dirt roads. And there I met this rural, apparently curious about the reason for our visit to ‘his’ terrain.

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2010, 2017

Brazilian Days (143): May 23

Brazilian Days 143

May 23

 

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Juventude Constitucionalista
(Constitutionalist Youth). 23 May 1932 is an important day in Brazilian history. Four students (Martins, Miragaia, Dráusio and Camargo) were killed in an confrontation with the police in São Paulo. They took part in a protest against the dictatorship of President Getúlio Vargas. The death of the four students ignited a revolt (by approximately 100 thousand people) against the dictatorship. This movement is called the MMDC movement, referring to the first letters of the students’ names. They protested for a new constitutional law. When Vargas frustrated the reform process, a civil war was started. Troops formed from the middle class battled in various Brazilian states, but didn’t managed to gain national support. About six months later, the remaining troops surrendered to the Federal Army. An obelisk in Ibirapuera Park in São Paulo commemorates the ‘Soldados de 32’.

 

 

REVOLUTION OF 1932
REVOLUÇÃO DE 1932 – JAMAIS SERÃO ESQUECIDOS….	Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932
BRAVOS PAULISTAS,Revolução Constitucionalista 1932.(1/4)	BRAVOS PAULISTAS,Revolução Constitucionalista 1932.(2/4)
BRAVOS PAULISTAS,Revolução Constitucionalista 1932.(3/4)	BRAVOS PAULISTAS,Revolução Constitucionalista 1932.(4/4)

---

Dia Nacional da Radiodifusão Livre e Comunitária
(Free and Public Broadcast). Only since 1982, Brazil has a system of free and public broadcast.

---

Dia Nacional de Defesa das Florestas Brasileiras
(Protection of Brazilian Forests). Despite numerous attempts to protect the forests, deforestation is still going on.

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1984
Prix de la FIPRESCI (International Federation of Film Critics Prize) for the Brazilian movie “Memórias do Cárcere”, directed by Nelson Pereira dos Santos, at Cannes

MEMÓRIAS DO CÁRCERE
Trechos do filme Memórias de um Carcere	Memórias do Cárcere (1984)

---

1962
Golden Palm of Cannes for the Brazilian movie “O pagador de promessas”, directed by Anselmo Duarte.

O PAGADOR DE PROMESSAS
O Pagador de Promessas – Trailer	Filme: O Pagador de Promessas – 1962

---

1985
Fifteen prisoners died within three months in prisons in Belo Horizonte – MG
The deaths were related to the very bad conditions of the prisons.

---

1535
Creation of Vila Velha – ES
The city is the oldest in the state of Espírito Santo.

VILA VELHA – ES
Vila Velha Espírito Santo ES Região Sudeste do Brasil – Documentário	Vila Velha – Invista nessa Cidade
Viajando Todo o Brasil – Vila Velha/ES – Especial	Um passeio por Vitória e Vila Velha

---

1865
Birth of Epitácio Pessoa, former president of Brazil (1919-1922).
Epitácio was born in Umbuzeiro (PB).

---

1901
Light (electricity company) authorized to install electric illumination in various districts in São Paulo.

---

1989
Creation of Reserva Biológica (Biological Reserve) do Tinguá, per Federal Decree nº 97.780

---

2001
Creation of Parque Nacional (National Park) de Saint-Hilaire/Lange – PR

---

2003
Brazilian diplomat Sérgio Vieira de Mello appointed as UN representative in Iraq.

---

2005
Polícia Militar removed barricades at the slums of Morro do Alemão
The barricades had been erected by drug traffickers.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (142): May 22

Brazilian Days 142

May 22

 

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia Internacional da Diversidade Biológica
(International Day for Biodiversity). On 29 December 1993, the Convention of Biological Diversity, linked to the United Nations, was founded. In 2000, the UN General Assembly accepted the resolution which introduced 22 May as International Day for Biodiversity (IDB). 22 May was chosen to commemorate the 1992 Nairobi Final Act of the Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Theme for 2013:
Water and Biodiversity

 

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF BIODIVERSITY
What is International Day for Biological Diversity	International Biological Diversity day Part-1
International Biological Diversity day Part-2	International Biological Diversity day Part-3

---

Dia do Apicultor
(Bee Master). Besides the word apicultor, Abelheiro and Colmeeiro are synonyms for apiarist or bee master. In 2013, about 300 thousand bee masters jointly produce about 40 thousand tons of honey. Thanks to import restrictions by the European Union, the United States is the principal importer of Brazilian honey products.

---

Dia do Economiário
(Economist). On 22 May 1957, president Kubitschek ratified Lei (law) 3.141, which created Serviço de Assistência e Seguro Social dos Economiários (SASSE; Service of Assistance and Social Security for Economists (of CAIXA)). The SASSE provided rights to employees of CAIXA, who were called economiários.

---

Dia da Aviação de Patrulha (Aeronáutica)
(Aviation Patrol). The first aviation patrols in Brazil were performed in 1931. During World War II, aviation patrols were very essential for the discovery of German and Italian submarines that attacked Brazilian merchant vessels. The day refers to 22 May 1942, when an B-25 airplane, recently obtained from the United States, attacked Italian submarine Barabarigo, which previously had torpedoed Brazilian merchant vessel Comandante Lira, near Atol das Roças.

 

---

Dia do Baloeiro
(Balloon Maker). Some sources mention 21 May as Dia do Baloeiro. In June, during Festas Juninas, paper balloons are released – by individuals or by teams – in cities such as Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, at day as well as at night. The baloeiro is responsible for the production of these balloons. At day he attaches a flag or a banner at the balloon.  At night, lanterns and even fireworks are used.

   

---

Dia do Abraço
(Hug). A hug is very common in Brazil, more common than in Europe. A hug as a sign of mutual affection, a sign of mutual equality. The day was born thanks to the ‘Free Hug‘ campaign, which was started in 2004 in Australia by a man known by his pseudonym Julian Mann. The campaign became internationally known when the campaign was included in a music video of the Australian band ‘The Sick Puppies’. The International Free Hug Day is on the first Saturday following 30 June, the day on which Julian started to give free hugs.

 

 

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1942
First attack of enemy submarines in Brazilian territorial waters.
An B-25 airplane, recently obtained from the United States, attacked Italian submarine Barabarigo, which previously had torpedoed Brazilian merchant vessel Comandante Lira, near Atol das Roças.

---

1930
Arrival of the blimp ‘Zeppelin’ in Recife.
The blimp had departed from Germany

---

1644
Return of count Maurício de Nassau to Holland
After his dismissal by the Staten-Generaal of Holland, former Governor of Brazil returned to Holland. His government still is being admired by many Brazilians. He had arrived in Brazil on 26 January 1637.

MAURÍCIO DE NASSAU & DUTCH BRAZIL
Maurício de Nassau (1/2) – De Lá Pra Cá – 05/10/2009	Maurício de Nassau (2/2) – De Lá Pra Cá – 05/10/2009
Doce Brasil Holandês – Documentário Completo	Brasil dos Holandeses – Expedições
O Nassoviano e a cidade Maurícia parte 1	O Nassoviano e a cidade Maurícia parte 2

---

1983
Large inundations in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.

FLOODING 1983
Enchente no Sul 1983 – TV GLOBO	Enchente de 1983 – Meu Paraná – RPC TV

1792
Seven convicted members of ‘Inconfidência Mineira’ deported to the Portuguese colony of Mozambique

---

1907
Rui Barbosa departed to Europe

---

1968
Creation of Fundação Universidade Federal de São Carlos

---

1980
Deactivation of a time bomb at the auditory of Confederação Nacional de Agricultura (Brasília-DF)

---

2006
Former president Itamar Franco renounced his candidacy for presidential elections.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

 

Brazilian Days (141): May 21

Brazilian Days 141

May 21

 

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Língua Nacional
(Languages in Brazil). In Brazil, Portuguese is the official language. According to Art. 13 of the Brazilian Constitution:

“A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil”.

However, recent research has registered 180 indigenous and 30 migrant-based languages in Brazil. On 9 December 2010, the Inventário Nacional da Diversidade Linguística (National Inventory of Linguistic Diversity) was installed, with the intention to preserve these languages.

---

Dia Mundial para o Desenvolvimento Cultural
( World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development). In 2001, The Declaration of Cultural Diversity was adopted by the UNESCO; this was followed by the adoption by the UN General Assembly in 2002, in its resolution 57/249. 21 May was declared Day of Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.

Theme for 2013:

Do One Thing for Diversity and Inclusion

   

---

Dia da Cachaça
(Cachaça, MG). Cachaça is fermented and distilled must made from sugar cane. The national cachaça day is on 13 September.

 

---

Dia da Planta Medicinal
(Medicinal Plant, CE).

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1977
Death of Brazilian journalist and politician Carlos Lacerda (1914-1977)
As a law student, he sympathized with communism, but in 1940 he had transformed himself into a anti-communist. Carlos started his political career in 1947; from 1950 he started his fierce opposition against Getúlio Vargas. In 1954, he survived a murder attempt. It is assumed that one of Vargas’ bodyguards had given order to this attempt. This was the sparkle for a political crisis, which resulted in Vargas’ suicide. Carlos also opposed Kubitschek’s government. In 1960, he was elected governor of the state of Guanabara, where he was praised for his efforts to deal with some chronic problems. Initially, Carlos was supporting the military coup; however, when the military refused to give up power, he opposed against them. Carlos eventually was stripped off his rights to be politically active. He suddenly died in 1977. Since 2009, his great-nephew is major of the city of Belo Horizonte: Márcio Lacerda.

CARLOS LACERDA
Carlos Lacerda Parte 1	Carlos Lacerda Parte 2
Entrevista de Carlos Lacerda na White house	Entrevista com Carlos Lacerda
Atentado a Carlos Lacerda muda os rumos da História do Brasil	Getúlio Vargas – A ligação entre o atentado a Carlos Lacerda e o Palácio do Catete

---

1880
Arrival of Emperor D. Pedro II in Curitiba (PR)

---

1924
Murder of padre Manuel Gomez Gonzalez and Adílio Daronch

---

1959
Riots during strikes of the ferry boat service Rio-Niterói

---

1970
Senate approved decree that implied censorship

---

1972
UFO photographed in the Bahian countryside
The picture was taken by Antônio Jorge da Silva de Menezes at 11h25 in Bairro Liberdade, Salvador

---

2002
Kidnapping of actress Vanessa Bueno
Vanessa was released on 24 May 2002.

---

2007
Activation of the final two turbines of the Itaipu hydro-electric power plant

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

 

Brazilian Days (140): May 20

Brazilian Days 140

May 20

 

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE).
(Superior Electoral Court). On 20 May 1932, the TSE was created per Decree 21.076/1932, with the name Tribunal Superior de Justiça Eleitoral. The institution was established by the 1932 Brazilian Electoral Code. In 1965, this code was replaced (Lei 4.767/65). The court keeps control over the electoral proceedings; its decisions are unappealable, except for constitutional issues.

YouTube Channel Justiça Eleitoral Brasileira

 

---

Dia do Comissário de Menores
(Commisioner of Juveniles). The commisioner assists the juvenile judge with practical aspects of juvenile judicial issues. Volunteers have been screened and intensively trained, before they are authorized to provide documents for minors to travel to other Brazilian states or abroad; perform controls at age-restricted sites and locations; protect minors against violence and abuse; take care of abandoned and take actions against the violator. The day was established in the state of São Paulo in 1982, and eventually has become a national day.

 

---

Dia do Otimismo
(Optimism).

 

---

Dia Nacional do Medicamento Genérico
(Generic Medication). Attention is paid to generic medications, patent-free, and there may be produced and sold for much lower prices. Production of generic medications was initiated with Lei (law) 9.787 in 1999. In 2003, the first generic medications were approved by the Brazilian government.

 

GENERIC MEDICATIONS
Diferença de medicamentos genéricos, similares e de marca	Via Legal – Medicamentos Genéricos

---

Dia Mundial da Metrologia
(Metrology). This day commemorates the ratification of the Convention of the Metric System on 20 May 1875, by 17 nations.  The day is organized by BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures; International Bureau of Weights and Measures) and OIML (Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale; International Organization of Legal Metrology).

Theme for 2013:
‘Measurements in daily life’

 

METROLOGY
METROLOGY	Metric & Standard Measurement Systems
BC3 – Metrology – Part 1	BC3 – Metrology – Part 2

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1893
Death of Brazilian poet Luiz Guimarães Júnior

---

1972
Death of Brazilian composer Silas de Oliveira

---

1933
Foundation of Orquestra Tabajara

---

1989
Foundation of the City of Palmas – TO.
Palmas is the capital of the state of Tocantins, which became dismembered from the state of Goiás in 1988. Initially, the provisional capital was the neighboring city of Miracema de Tocantins, until 1 January 1990. In less than 25 years, Palmas has grown to the size of almost 250 thousand inhabitants.

 

PALMAS (TO)
BRASIL PALMAS TOCANTINS 2012	Palmas Tocantins

---

1880
Visit of D. Pedro II to the city of Antonina, in Paraná

---

1880
Death of Ana Nery, who realized important work for Brazilian blood banks during the Paraguayan War in 1865.

 

---

1871
Princess Isabel installed as regent of Brazil
Her father, Dom Pedro II, had started his travel to Europe.

---

1907
Arrival of Sadatsuchi Uchida to be installed as minister of Japan for Brazil and Argentina

---

1992
Creation of Parque Nacional da Serra Geral – RS

 

PN DA SERRA GERAL (RS)
[Rio Grande do Sul] Canion Fortaleza – Serra Geral – Parque Nacional – Music by Tunguska EMS	Parque Nacional da Serra Geral

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

 

Brazilian Days (139): May 19

Brazilian Days 139

May 19

 

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia das Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEB)
(Fundamental Church Communities). These groups, consist of 20 to 100 persons, were founded as a result of the Second Vatican Conciliate at the end of the Sixties. Their objective was to read and interpret the bible together. The groups are socially very active and have much influence upon the development of the communities in the poor northeastern region of Brazil. Their influence was considerably: they contributed significantly in the resistance against the military dictatorship.

CEB
O Concílio Vaticano II em 3 minutos – Comunidades Eclesiais de Base	Comunidades Eclesiais de Base como surgiu…
Documento 92 (Comunidades Eclesiais de Base) – Dom Milton (1)	Documento 92 (Comunidades Eclesiais de Base) – Dom Milton (2)

---

Dia dos Acadêmicos do Direito
(Law Students).

---

Dia Nacional da Congregação Mariana
(Congregation of Our Lady). This day is held on the third Sunday in May. The congregation was founded in 1563 by Belgian Jesuit Jean Leunis. Initially, they were set up for schoolboys, eventually adults were allowed, and groups were created for particular groups in society, such as priests, married, unmarried, clerks, soldiers, noblemen, etcetera. In 1748 the Congregration was awarded the so-called ‘Golden Bull’ by Pope Benedict XIV. The congegrations existed in colonial Brazil, but vanished with the expulsion of Jesuits from Brazil in 1759. In 1870, the first congregation was founded in Itu (SP). There exist a hymn of the Brazilian Congregation:

Do Prata ao Amazonas, do mar às cordilheiras, cerremos as fileiras, soldados do Senhor! O nome teu, Maria, ó Virgem Soberana, nos une e nos irmana, nos dá força e valor, nos dá força e valor!

A Igreja eterna no tempo avança sob a bandeira da esperança! Nós te saudamos, Virgem Maria, com entusiasmo e alegria. Jesus é o centro de toda a História, nós lhe rendemos louvor e glória, e te juramos, ó Mãe querida, fidelidade por toda a vida!

O Mundo está sedento de paz e unidade; amor, fraternidade, queremos difundir! Nós somos missionários, por Cristo convidados! Vamos pois, Congregados, seu Reino construir, seu Reino construir!

 

---

Dia Nacional da Defensoria Pública/ Dia do Defensor Público
(Public Defender Office, Public Defender). In 1983, this day was introduced in the state of Rio de Janeiro. From 2002, by Lei 10.448, the day is celebrated nationwide.  The day refers to the death of Saint Ivo on 19 May 1303. He was Doctor in Theology and Law, and was a defender of the poor and the needy.

 

PUBLIC DEFENDER
Defensoria pública	Defensoria Pública Jornal Nacional
Artigo 5º – Defensoria Pública (19/09/12)	Dia da Defensoria Pública (19/05/11)

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1991
Anniversary of the city of Potim – SP
The small city is located near Aparecida and Guarantinguetá. In 1991, Potim became an independent municipality.

  

---

1986
Brazilian actress Fernanda Torres honored as best actress at Cannes Film Festival.
She was honored for her role in ‘Eu Sei Que Vou Te Amar’ (Love Me Forever or Never), directed by Arnaldo Jabor.

EU SEI QUE VOU TE AMAR
Eu Sei Que Vou Te Amar.Clássico Nacional	Eu sei que vou te amar (1986)

---

1830
Dia da Ilegalidade do Tráfico de Escravos (Slave trade declared illegal).
It was the United Kingdom that pressured Portugal and its colony Brazil to make an end to slave trade and slavery. Initially, Portugal ended slave trade north of the equator only. South of the equator, slave trade continued. Brazil became independent in 1822. In exchange for recognition of its independence by the United Kingdom, Brazil promised to end slave trade in 1830. Despite this promise, slaves were still transported to Brazil, which made the United Kingdom decide to consider these transport ships as pirate ships and to attack them. The conflict escalated in 1850 with setting fire to slave ships and attacking Brazilian fortresses. These attacks forced Brazil to ratify the law that ended slave trade.

SLAVE TRADE
Tráfico Negreiro	Escravidão e tráfico de escravos

---

1978
Project ‘Pacto Amazônico’ (Amazon Pact) approved by representatives of eight Southern American nations. 

---

1648
Death of Antônio Felipe Camarão

---

1817
Rendition of Recife (1817 Revolution)

---

1836
Signing, by Dom Pedro II, of the treaty of commerce and trade with D. Maria II of Portugal

---

1846
Creation of Capitania dos Portos da Amazônia Oriental

---

1846
Creation of Capitania dos Portos do Estado da Bahia

---

1965
Câmara dos Deputados (Chamber of Deputies) approved the sending of Brazilian troops to the Dominican Republic.

---

1993
Installation of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as minister of Treasury

---

2004
Embrapa received license to preform research with transgenic potatoes

---

2006
Death of Brazilian alpinist Vitor Negrete, at Mount Everest.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.