Brazilian Days (278): October 5

Brazilian Days 278

October 5

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional das Aves

(Birds). According to Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ortnitológicos (CBRO; Brazilian Society of Ornithologists), Brazil hosts more than 1800 known bird species. The most recent observed (2010) new bird species in Brazil is the ferreirinho-de-cara-branca (Poecilotriccus albifacies (Blake, 1959)). About 10 percent of the Brazilian bird species are endangered species.

Collection of birds in Brazil (incl pictures and sounds): WikiAves

YouTube channel with many bird videos

Another YouTube channel with bird videos

BRAZILIAN BIRDS
Aves do Brasil – Birds of Brazil	Aves do Brasil II – Birds of Brazil II
Aves do Brasil – Beija-flores, verdadeiras pinturas da natureza	Aves do Brasil – Patos, marrecas e cisnes do Brasil
Birds of Brazil – Parrots, Cuckoos, Anis	Inside – Parque das Aves – Brasil

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Dia do Bóia-fria

(Seasonal worker). The term bóia-fria has a historical background: poor farm workers were picked up by a truck at dawn, and brought to the area where they had to work the entire day. They carried their warm meal (bóia) with them. At midday, their lunch hour, the warm meal was no longer warm but lukewarm, at most. These seasonal workers were employed in a certain season, such as harvest time. Because of the sometimes harsh circumstances, a number of humanitarian organizations consider it as modern slavery. One clear example is the suger can cutter, who cuts no less than 12 tons (!) of suger can a day (12 working hours) for only 2.20 reais (a bit less than 1 euro) per ton. One ton of sugar cane produces 148 kg sugar, which has a value of approximately 100 reais. One famous bíoa-fria is Brazilian marathon athlete Vanderley Cordeiro de Lima (1969), who gained the bronze medal in Athens (2004), despite the ridiculous action of a bystander who tried to stop him.
 

 

BÓIA-FRIA
Os Bóias-frias	Vida de Bóia Fria
Pakistan: Misal Khan	Greece: Hussaini

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Dia do Trabalhador Rural Volante

(Seasonal worker). See above.

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Dia da Micro e Pequena Empresa

(Small and Medium Businesses). Small and medium businesses (MPE in short) represent more than 99 percent of all Brazilian businesses, and offer work to 28.7 million Brazilians. The SEBRAE (Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio ás Micro- e Pequeno Empresas, founded in 1972) is an institute that supports these businesses with loans and know-how. Recently, a new law (Lei Geral) for these businesses has come into effect,after more than 3 years of debates. With this law, rules for starting a new company have been simplified.

SMALL & MEDIUM BUSINESSES
SEBRAE-MG – Dia da Micro e Pequena Empresa	Campanha BB – Micro e Pequenas Empresas – 2011
SEBRAE-MG – Sobrevivência das micro e pequenas empresas é maior hoje em dia	SEBRAE-MG – Lei Geral das Micro e Pequenas Empresas

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Dia Mundial do Professor

World Teacher’s Day is created by the UNESCO in 1994, in remembrance of the ratification of the Charter of the Teacher by the UNESCO and the ILO (International Labor Organization) on 5 October 1966, and the Charter for Teachers of Superior Education in 1997.

Motto of 2007 was:

Quality teachers for quality education

Motto of 2012 was:

Take a stand for teachers!

Quote by Alexander the Great:

“I am indebted to my father for my living, but to my teacher for living well”

   

WORLD TEACHER’S DAY
In Gratitude:UNESCO World Teachers’ Day 2009	5 October 2010, World Teachers’ Day
Inspiration for teaching: World Teachers’ Day 2011	How much is a good teacher worth ?

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1557
Death of Caramurú (1475-1557).

Diego Álvarez Correa was born in Coruña (Spain), although there are Portuguese researchers who are convinced that he was born in Viana do Castelo (Portugal). In 1510, Diego joined an expedition to the Brazilian mainland, but his ship got shipwrecked near Itaparica Island in Bahia. His companions became a feast for the Tupinambá indians living there, but Diego made impression with his musket: he stayed alive and gained his nickname Caramurú (Tupinambá for moraine) to his musket. He lived with the indians, got married with Paraguassu, a daughter of tribal chief Taparica. Diego had many children with different women. Diego and Paraguassu traveled to France, where Paraguassu became baptized into Catarina do Brasil. Thanks to his experiences with the indians, Diego worked as a interpreter and negotiator between the Portuguese, missionaries, and indians. He assisted Tomé de Sousa with the foundation of the city of Salvador. Salvador became the capital of the Brazilian colony. Diego died in Vila Velha (ES). Frei José de Santa Rita Durão wrote an epic poem (1781) about the person Caramurú, TV channel Globo produced a movie about his life.

 

CARAMURU
Caramuru. Diogo e Paraguassu	A piece from the brazilian movie “Caramuru” (Subs & Trans)
Caramuru (1/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009	Caramuru (2/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009
Caramuru (3/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009	Caramuru (4/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009
Caramuru (5/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009	Obra Rara – “Caramuru: poema épico do descobrimento da Bahia”

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1988
Creation of the state of Amapá (AP).

Amapá shares borders with the state of Pará, and with neighboring countries Suriname and French Guyana. The state is located at the mouth of the Amazon river. Macapá, the state capital, is located on the equator. The size of Amapá is 3.5 times the size of The Netherlands and counts only 600 thousand inhabitants. Most of them live in the capital. The former capitania Costa do Cabo Norte suffered numerous attacks and invasion attempts by the English, French and Dutch. The borderline between Amapá and French Guyana was drawn in 1713, following the Treaty of Utrecht.

 

AMAPÁ (AP)
Amapá, terra das águas (Globo Repórter 2007)	Macapá Amapá (Vídeo Atualizado)
Turismo no Amapá	Macapa – Amapa – North Region – Brazil

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1988
Creation of the state of Roraima (RR).

The state of Roraima (5.5 times the size of The Netherlands) is located in north Brazil, and shares borders with neighboring countries Venezuela, and Guyana, and with the states of Pará and Amazonas. Roraima counts no more than 400 thousand inhabitants, of which more than half lives in Boa Vista, the capital. The former area of Rio Branco was disputed by the English, Spanish, and Dutch. The Dutch arrived there in their search of trade opportunities and indians for slave trade. In order to withstand the foreign expeditions, the Capitania Real de São José do Rio Branco was created in 1755. Ealry 20th century the capitania lost a tiny part of its area to English Guyana.

 

RORAIMA (RR)
RORAIMA	Roraima, Terra de Oportunidades
Conheça um pouco mais sobre o estado de Roraima com o jornalista	Roraima – Fronteira do Brasil com bons negócios

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1988
Creation of the state of Tocantins (TO).

According to the new Brazilian constitution of 1988. Tocantins became separated from the state of Goiás. The state, seven times the size of The Netherlands, counts nearly 1.5 million inhabitants. Palmas, the state capital, was founded in 1989, and now counts little more than 240 thousand inhabitants.

  

TOCANTINS (TO)
VT Aniversário Palmas 22 anos – Uma idéia que deu certo 2011	Potencialidades do Tocantins
Palmas Tocantins (Vídeo Atualizado)	Tocantins – História Viva

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1988
Publication of the eight Brazilian Constitutional Law.

The first Brazilian Constitutional Law was created by Dom Pedro I in 1824. Two years after the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic, number two was published in 1891. Number three appeared in 1934, as a reaction upon the revolutions in earlier years. Getúlio Vargas introduced number four, which followed after his declaration of the Estado Novo (1937). When his dictatorial government was ended, number five appeared in 1946. Three years after the military coup in 1964, number six was published in 1967. Less than two years later, it was rewritten in number seven. Number eight was published three years after the end of the dicatorial government in 1985.

 

BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1988
Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (1/5)	Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (2/5)
Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (3/5)	Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (4/5)
Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (5/5)	Oitava Constituição Brasileira entra em vigor (1988)
Discurso de Promulgação da Constituição de 88	Promulgação da Constituição de 1988 – Ulisses Guimarães

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1942
Replacement of the Brazilian currency: Réis by Cruzeiro (Decreto-lei nº 4.791).

This monetary replacement came into effect on 1 November 1942. The centavo was introduced as one-hundredth part of the Cruzeiro. The new currency (Cr$) had the value that was equal to 1000 Réis.

 

CRUZEIRO
As moedas do Brasil de 1981 a 2011 – 30 anos, 5 moedas diferentes (SBT Brasil)	MOEDA BRASILEIRA DO RÉIS AO REAL
Programa Falando – A história da moeda no Brasil (Parte 1)	Programa Falando – A história da moeda no Brasil (Parte 2)

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (211): July 30

 

Brazilian Days 211

July 30

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DAY OF:

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1976

Olympic Games Montreal: bronze medal for João do Pulo (1954-1999) with triple jump.

Four years later, João would gain bronze again, in Moscow. His performance was somewhat disappointing, when regarding his achievements. He was champion in the disciplines long jump and triple jump at the Pan American Games in 1975 (he jumped a world record of 17.89 m, which was only broken ten years later) and gained triple jump gold in 1979. Additionally, he became a three-time triple jump world champion. At the age of 28, João lost one leg as a result of a traffic accident, In 1999, he died because of the consequences of liver cirrhosis.

^source

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1976

Libertadores Cup for Cruzeiro

The soccer team from Belo Horizonte beat River Plate 3-2 in the final. Cruzeiro lost its player Roberto Batata after having played the semi final against Alianza Lima from Peru. Batata died in a traffic accident. He was posthumously awarded the Libertadores medal. The Copa Libertadores competition was started in 1958. The intention was to have a tournament for the winners of the Southern American national competitions. Vasco da Gama received a wild card for the first tournament, since Brazil wasn’t having a national competition at that time. Until 2013, Argentina has won 22 times, followed by Brazil (17), Uruguay (8), Paraguay (3), Colombia (2), Ecuador and Chile (1 each). Independiente from Argentina has won 7 titles. Brazilian Libertadores winners are São Paulo (3), Santos (3), Cruzeiro (2), Grêmio (2), Internacional (2), Flamengo, Vasco, Palmeiras, Corinthians, Atlético-MG (1 each).

CRUZEIRO – RIVER PLATE

Copa Libertadores da America 1976 – Cruzeiro 3 x 2 River Plate

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1930
Virgulino Ferreira da Silva (Lampião) set fire to the fazenda of coronel Joaquim José de Santana

LAMPIÃO & MARIA BONITA
Lampião O Rei do Cangaço [1964] – Complete movie	LAMPIÃO & MARIA BONITA filme completo
Lampião – Os Nove do Angico	Filme – Meu Nome é Lampião (1969)

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1978
Debut of Brazilian Formula One racer Nelson Piquet

Nelson made his debut at Hockenheimring in Germany. The race was won by Mario Andretti, and fellow Brazilian racer Emerson Fittipaldi became fourth. Nelson was confronted with engine problems and had to leave the race after 31 laps. 

NELSON PIQUET 1978
Formula One German GP 1978	German GP 1978

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2000
First Formula One victory for Rubens Barrichello at the circuit of Hockenheim (Germany)

British racer David Coulthard started from pole position. Team mate Michael Schumacher collided with Fisichella in the first lap. It was Rubens’s first victory in Formula One.

RUBENS BARRICHELLO 2000
F1 Hockenheim 2000 – Rubens Barrichello First Win	Pódium Barrichello Alemanha 2000

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2005
Population of the state of São Paulo reached the number of 40 million people

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2008
Gilberto Gil stepped down as minister of Culture.

MINISTRO GILBERTO GIL
Ministro Gilberto Gil fala sobre o Mais Cultura	Entrevista com o ex-ministro da Cultura Gilberto Gil

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (162): June 11

Brazilian Days 162

June 11

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Marinha Brasileira
(Brazilian Navy). On 11 June 1865, the battle at Riachuelo, on the Paraná River, took place. This battle became the turning point in the war of the Triple Alliance (Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil) against Paraguay). At present the Brazilian Navy has to defend more than 7000 km of coastal area, as well as 55 thousand square km of waterways. The Brazilian territorial waters are also known as ‘Amazônia Azul‘, the ‘Blue Amazon’, because of the enormous area that is almost half of the size of the Brazilian mainland.

 

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Dia do Educador Sanitário
(Health educator). The health educator, specialized in hygiene, is very important for informing the poor about the responsible use of water and about biological waste.

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Dia do Motociclismo)
(Motor cycling, RJ)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1970
Abduction of the West German ambassador von Holleben.

The ambassador, Ehrenfried von Holleben, was abducted in Rio de Janeiro by members of the ALN and VPR. One of Holleben’s bodyguards was killed in action. The kidnappers demanded the release of 40 prisoners who had to be transported to Algeria, Chile or Mexico, and the publication of a revolutionary manifest. One of the prisoners was convicted for his involvement in the abduction of the American ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick in 1969. De Brazilian government gave in, the prisoners were released and flown to Algeria. Five days later, the ambassador was released, unharmed.

  

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1865
Battle at Riachuelo.

This battle, on the Paraná River, was a turning point in the war of the Triple Alliance (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay) against Paraguay (1864-1870). Early in this bloody war (about 400 thousand deaths), Paraguay was winning the battles. They wanted to defeat the Brazilian Navy, which transported troops to the battlefield, with a surprise attack and force the victory in this war. The Paraguayan commander ordered to attack at dawn, but due to technical problems, the Paraguayan navy fleet only reached the Brazilian navy fleet around noon. Initially, the Brazilian fleet was about to lose the battle, but the strength of the Brazilian navy was superior to that of the Paraguayan navy. Some vessels of the Paraguayan navy were sunk before they retreated. This battle became decisive and eventually led to the total defeat of the Paraguayan armed forces in 1870.

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1855
Start of the construction of Estrada de Ferro Central.

The Estrada de Ferro central was a network of railways that connected the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais with each other. At present, almost all these railways have been eliminated, thanks to the competition with road transport and aviation.

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1826
Sea battle of Los Pozes.

Argentinian admiral Brown, who commanded four vessels, expelled a larger number of vessels of the Brazilian navy that blocked the harbor of Buenos Aires.

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1808
Opening of the Brazilian harbors to befriended nations.

This decree was complementary to the Carta Régia.

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1891
First constitution of the state of  Alagoas

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1990
Start of the circulation of Cr$ 5.000,00 banknotes with the portrait of Carlos Gomes

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2001
Coach of the Brazilian soccer team Emerson Leão fired. 

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2003
Brazilian Cup for soccer club Cruzeiro.

Cruzeiro beat Flamengo 3 x 1.

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2005
First phase of the National Vaccination Campaign against Polio

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2007
Announcement of revitalization actions of the São Francisco River in the state of Minas Gerais. 

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (135): May 15

Brazilian Days 135

May 15

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DAY OF:

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Dia Internacional da Família
(International Family Day). This day was introduced by the United Nations in 1993.  The day reflects the importance the international community attaches to families.

Theme for 2013:
Advancing Social Integration and Intergenerational Solidarity

 

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Dia Internacional dos Objetores de Consciência
(International Conscientious Objectors Day). The day was a consensus for the European COs (Conscientious Objectors organizations) and was introduced in 1982. Since 1986, the day is celebrated as an international day. At the height of the First World War, about 16 thousand British men refused to kill human beings. They suffered severe human rights abuses for their beliefs. In London each year a brief ceremony is held at the Commemorative Stone, during which the names of representative people who ‘maintained the right to refuse to kill’ are read out and white flower was laid on the Stone for each of the 50 people remembered.

 

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Dia do Professor Aposentado
(Retired Teacher). The National Day of Retired is on 24 January.

A educação pela pedra

Uma educação pela pedra: por lições;
para aprender da pedra, frequentá-la;
captar sua voz inenfática, impessoal
(pela de dicção ela começa as aulas).
A lição de moral, sua resistência fria
ao que flui e a fluir, a ser maleada;
a de poética, sua carnadura concreta;
a de economia, seu adensar-se compacta:
lições da pedra (de fora para dentro,
cartilha muda), para quem soletrá-la.

(João Cabral de Melo Neto)

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Dia da Assistência Social/ Dia do Assistente Social
(Social Assistance). On 15 May 1891, Pope Leo XIII wrote his Papal Encyclical: ‘Rerum Novarum’ (‘Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor’), in which were outlined the directions of the Social Doctrine in the Catholic Church. It was the first time that a pope wrote about social problems. In 1936, Serviço Social was created in Brazil, which was inspired upon another Encyclical, by Pope Pius XI: ‘Quadragesimo Anno’ (40th Year), commemorating the Rerum Novarum. In 1937, the Conselho Nacional de Serviço Nacional (National Council of Social Service) was created. In 1991, Pope John Paul II wrote his Encyclical to commemorate the centenary of the Rerum Novarum: ‘ Centesimus Annus’ (100th Year). The three papal writings indicate the awareness of the Church about social problems.

 

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE
Rerum Novarum 1 – Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor – (Full Reading) – Part 1 of 3	Rerum Novarum 1 – Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor – (Full Reading) – Part 2 of 3
Rerum Novarum 1 – Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor – (Full Reading) – Part 3 of 3	Centesimus Annus, a foundation to bring justice to the worlds economy
15 de maio: Dia do Assistente Social	Dia do Assistente Social

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Dia do Gerente Bancário
(Banking Manager). The day was introduced on 26 May 2010, as proposed by Deputy Ozair José, to honor the responsibility and the value of this profession.

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Dia Nacional de Controle da Infecção Hospitalar
(Control of Hospital Infections). On 15 May 1999, this day was introduced by the Brazilian Health Department, in order to increase the awareness of hospital infections and to honor the professionals dealing with these infections. On 15 May 1847, Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweiss introduced the directive for medical professionals to wash hands before entering hospital wards.

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1895
French attempt to occupy Amapá.
The territory of Amapá was disputed between Brazil and France. Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral, nicknamed Cabralzinho, was commander of the Territorial Army in the village of Amapá. He captured the leader of a French negotiation mission. The capture resulted in the order, issued by the Governor of Cayenne (French Guyana), to capture Cabralzinho. French marines, commanded by Lunier, invaded Amapá, massacred dozens of locals, and encircled Cabralzinho’s house. He managed to break through, to take Luniers weapon and to kill Lunier. The death of the commander left the marines disorganized; they were defeated by the locals, who were furious by the news of the massacre. Only five years later, judged by Swiss president Walter Hauser, Amapá officially became Brazilian.

 

 

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1959
Golden Palm for Brazilian movie “Orfeu Negro” at the festival in Cannes

ORFEU NEGRO
Orfeu Negro 1959 Completo	Filme Orfeu 1999 Completo ( Cinema Nacional )

 

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1970
The Brazilian currency Cruzeiro Novo renamed in Cruzeiro again.
Resolution nº 144, dated 03.31.1970 (D.O.U. ,04. 06.70), issued by the National Monetary Council, re-established the “CRUZEIRO”, effective as of 05.15.1970, while maintaining the “centavo”.

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1882
Treaty between Brazil and Bolivia about the construction of the railway Madeira-Mamoré.

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1945
Foundation of Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB; Brazilian Worker’s Party)

PTB
PTB – Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro	TV 14 – Memória PTB

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1964
Leonel Brizola fled to Uruguay

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1966
Death of Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes, president of Brazil (1914-1918)

VENCESLAU BRÁS
Governo Wenceslau Braz (1914-1918)	UM TOUR NA CASA DO PRESIDENTE DO BRASIL WENCESLAU BRAZ EM ITAJUBÁ

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1978
Vandal destroyed the image of Nossa Senhora Aparecida
Two months later, the image was restored.

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1995
Arrival of the first Beefmaster cattle.
These pure-bloods were imported from Texas.

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2004
Death of Brazilian photographer Cláudio Portioli

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (124): May 4

Brazilian Days 124

May 4

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Futebol
(Soccer, RJ)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1937
Death of writer, journalist, poet Paulo Setúbal.
He died at the age of 44. In 1935, he was admitted to the Academia Brasileira de Letras (Brazilian Academy of Literature)

YouTube Channel Museu Paulo Setúbal

PAULO SETÚBAL
Paulo Setúbal: Romancista e Poeta – Encontros	ÁRVORES TRISTES poema de PAULO SETÚBAL

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1937
Death of composer Noel de Medeiros Rosa (1910-1937).
Noel Rosa is considered ans the creator of the samba. His birth was complicated, the physician had to use a forceps, which left a clearly visible mark on his chin. Therefore, Noel was very timid and only became more open when drunk. He enjoyed bohemian life, and was very productive: 259 songs in only 7 years. He died of the consequences of TB.

 

NOEL ROSA
Noel Poeta da vila	Noel Rosa – Conversa de Botequim (Gravação Original)
Noel Rosa 2010 HD BossaFilmes	Noel Rosa – Com que Roupa ?

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1888
Fourteen escaped slaves were received at Palácio Imperial (Imperial Palace) in Petrópolis (RJ) for a dinner

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1845
Birth of Joaquim Manuel Rodrigues Lima, the first elected governor of Bahia.

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1644
Dutch governor Maurício de Nassau transferred the government to the Alto Conselho (High Council).
He was about to return to Europe on 22 May 1644.

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1890
Recognition of the Republic of Brazil by the United Kingdom

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1925
Albert Einstein disembarked in Rio de Janeiro

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1932
Establishment of an eight-hour working day in the industrial sector.

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1969
Record audience at Mineirão Stadium during the match Atlético-MG x Cruzeiro: 123.500 spectators.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (075): March 16

Brazilian Days 075 

March 16

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Era Espacial
(Space Era)

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Dia Nacional da Normalista
(Normalist)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1838
Rendition of the ultimate fortress during the defense of the Bahian Republic (Sabinada)

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1919
Death of president-elect Rodrigues Alves, before his installation, due to Spanish flue.

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1958
Inauguration of Jardim Zoolôgico (ZOO) in São Paulo

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1808
Creation of Ministério das Relações Exteriores (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

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1908
Creation of the Ministério do Exército (Ministry of Army)

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1560
Expulsion of the French from Ilha (Island) de Villegaignon

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1990
Institution of the Cruzeiro (Cr$) currency unit 

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1843 
Emperor Dom Pedro II told to create the settlement of Petrópolis and to construct a summer palace. 

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1957
Creation of Rede Ferroviária Federal S/A (RFFSA).

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1819
Birth of José da Silva Maria Paranhos (Visconde do Rio Branco).

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1895
Restoration of diplomatic ties between Brazil and Portugal.

The diplomatic ties were broken on 13 May 1894.

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2003
Silver medal for gymnastics athlete Daniele Hypólito in France

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2003
Rebellion and escape of thirty minors from Complexo de Franco da Rocha in São Paulo

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2005
Approval of Fundação Universidade Federal do ABC, in Santo André (SP)

 

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (069): March 10

Brazilian Days 069 

March 10

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Sogro
(Father-in-Law)

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Dia do Telefone
(Telephone)

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Dia das Sociedades Amigos de Bairros
(District Societies)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1826
Death of Dom João VI (1767-1826), king of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.

João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael de Bragança was his full name. He was king of Portugal since 1816; however, he was already regent since 1792, when his mother – Dona Maria – no longer had the mental capability to govern the kingdom.  João was not happy at all to be king; there are some stories that reveal that he cried when he heard the news that he had to become king.  João was in Brazil, when his mother died en he had to succeed his mother. He is the only king who was crowned on the American continent.

 ^source

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1826
Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil became king of Portugal, as Pedro IV, after the death of his father, Dom João VI.

He was king of Portugal for only seven days, when he abdicated in favor of his young daughter, Dona Maria de Gloria, who was only seven. His uncle Dom Miguel I became regent.

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1884
Death of writer Bernardo Guimarães (1825-1884)

Bernardo was born in Ouro Preto (MG), and studied law in São Paulo. He worked as a journalist, and eventually taught French and Latin. One of his best known works is the novel about slave Isaura (1875). This book was published at the time when there was a discussion going on about the end of slavery. Bernardo died at the age of 58; his ultimate works about the History of Minas Gerais and the novel O Bandido do Rio das Mortes never have been completed.

 source

1980
Death of writer and politician José Américo de Almeida

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1880
Creation of the fire brigade (Corpo de Bombeiros) in São Paulo

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1808
Organization of the first ministry in Brazil

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1980
Death of freshman (calouro) Carlos Alberto de Souza.

Carlos studied at the Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (São Paulo), and died of the consequences of wounds that were caused by hazing activities at the start of the new semester.

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2003
Code sharing of 113 daily flights by the airline companies TAM and Varig.

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1747
Creation of Julgado das Aldeias Altas (MA) by D.João V.

In 1811, Aldeais Altas gained the status of a Vila. In 1836, the village was named Caxias, now one of the largest cities in the state of Maranhão.

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1908
Inauguration of the electric tram line in Porto Alegre (RS)

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1972
Announcement of the first shipments of Brazilian sugar that were sold to China.

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1986
Replacement of Cruzado into Cruzeiro (Brazilian currency units), by Decreto Lei nº 2284

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1997
Leakage of 2.8 million liters of petrol in the mangrove bushes in the Guanabara Bay (RJ)

 

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (049): February 18

Brazilian Days 049

February 18

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Unidade Nacional
(National Unity)

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Início da Semana Nacional contra o Alcoolismo
(Start of  Brazilian Week against Alcoholism)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1637
Battle of Porto Calvo, as part of the war against the Dutch invaders

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1808
Foundation of Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia in Salvador, by prince-regent Dom João VI

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1875
Death of poet Fagundes Varela (1841-1875)

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1904
Inauguration of Instituto Pasteur in São Paulo

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1908
Death of Francisco Furquim Werneck de Almeida

He introduced the Cesarean surgery in Brazil.

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1962
Reorganization of Partido Comunista do Brasil, the Brazilian Communist Party

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1983
Hyperdevaluation of the Cruzeiro, the Brazilian currency.

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1986
Death of composer Nélson Cavaquinho (1911-1986)

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1986
First liver transplantation in Brazil.

The transplantation was performed at two-year-old Leandro Batista dos Santos

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2001
Mega revolt in 25 prisons in the state of São Paulo.

The revolts were organized by the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC)

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2006
Rolling Stones concert at Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro

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2009
Chamber of Deputies approved the obligatory use of airbags in new cars.  

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (002): January 2

Brazilian Days 002 

January 2
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DAY OF:

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Dia da Abreugrafia (Mass miniature radiography).

Although many calendars show Dia da Abreugrafia on 2 January, the official day is on 4 January.

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1825
Brazil and Argentina started the war about Cisplatina, by conquering Banda Oriental, future Uruguay.

  

  

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1855
Birth of Urbano Duarte (1855-1902), Brazilian military, journalist, columnist, comedian, and dramatist.

He was one of the co-founders of the Brazilian Letter Academy.

  

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1884
Foundation of the Federação Espírita Brasileira, The Brazilian Spiritualism Federation.

  

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1886
Death of Emílio Luis Mallet (Brazilian marshal, born in France)

  

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1900
Fire destroyed Mercado Modelo of Derby (Recife)

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1921
Creation of Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Belo Horizonte

   

  

  

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1942
The Fernando de Noronha archipelago, in the Atlantic Ocean, declared as a Military Zone.

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1987
Ulysses Guimarães, chairman of PMDB, elected as chairman of the committee that would prepare the new Brazilian constitution.

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1989
Police investigation indicated farmer Darci Alves da Silva as the person who gave order to the murder of rubber planter and union leader  Chico Mendes.

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1991
Creation of State Park “Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul” in the state of Espírito Santo, Brasil.

  

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2002
Death of Fernando Dutra Pinto (kidnapper of the daughter of the popular TV host Sílvio Santos)

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By  Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

 

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Brazilian Days (278): October 5

Brazilian Days 278

October 5

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional das Aves

(Birds). According to Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ortnitológicos (CBRO; Brazilian Society of Ornithologists), Brazil hosts more than 1800 known bird species. The most recent observed (2010) new bird species in Brazil is the ferreirinho-de-cara-branca (Poecilotriccus albifacies (Blake, 1959)). About 10 percent of the Brazilian bird species are endangered species.

Collection of birds in Brazil (incl pictures and sounds): WikiAves

YouTube channel with many bird videos

Another YouTube channel with bird videos

BRAZILIAN BIRDS
Aves do Brasil – Birds of Brazil	Aves do Brasil II – Birds of Brazil II
Aves do Brasil – Beija-flores, verdadeiras pinturas da natureza	Aves do Brasil – Patos, marrecas e cisnes do Brasil
Birds of Brazil – Parrots, Cuckoos, Anis	Inside – Parque das Aves – Brasil

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Dia do Bóia-fria

(Seasonal worker). The term bóia-fria has a historical background: poor farm workers were picked up by a truck at dawn, and brought to the area where they had to work the entire day. They carried their warm meal (bóia) with them. At midday, their lunch hour, the warm meal was no longer warm but lukewarm, at most. These seasonal workers were employed in a certain season, such as harvest time. Because of the sometimes harsh circumstances, a number of humanitarian organizations consider it as modern slavery. One clear example is the suger can cutter, who cuts no less than 12 tons (!) of suger can a day (12 working hours) for only 2.20 reais (a bit less than 1 euro) per ton. One ton of sugar cane produces 148 kg sugar, which has a value of approximately 100 reais. One famous bíoa-fria is Brazilian marathon athlete Vanderley Cordeiro de Lima (1969), who gained the bronze medal in Athens (2004), despite the ridiculous action of a bystander who tried to stop him.
 

 

BÓIA-FRIA
Os Bóias-frias	Vida de Bóia Fria
Pakistan: Misal Khan	Greece: Hussaini

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Dia do Trabalhador Rural Volante

(Seasonal worker). See above.

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Dia da Micro e Pequena Empresa

(Small and Medium Businesses). Small and medium businesses (MPE in short) represent more than 99 percent of all Brazilian businesses, and offer work to 28.7 million Brazilians. The SEBRAE (Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio ás Micro- e Pequeno Empresas, founded in 1972) is an institute that supports these businesses with loans and know-how. Recently, a new law (Lei Geral) for these businesses has come into effect,after more than 3 years of debates. With this law, rules for starting a new company have been simplified.

SMALL & MEDIUM BUSINESSES
SEBRAE-MG – Dia da Micro e Pequena Empresa	Campanha BB – Micro e Pequenas Empresas – 2011
SEBRAE-MG – Sobrevivência das micro e pequenas empresas é maior hoje em dia	SEBRAE-MG – Lei Geral das Micro e Pequenas Empresas

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Dia Mundial do Professor

World Teacher’s Day is created by the UNESCO in 1994, in remembrance of the ratification of the Charter of the Teacher by the UNESCO and the ILO (International Labor Organization) on 5 October 1966, and the Charter for Teachers of Superior Education in 1997.

Motto of 2007 was:

Quality teachers for quality education

Motto of 2012 was:

Take a stand for teachers!

Quote by Alexander the Great:

“I am indebted to my father for my living, but to my teacher for living well”

   

WORLD TEACHER’S DAY
In Gratitude:UNESCO World Teachers’ Day 2009	5 October 2010, World Teachers’ Day
Inspiration for teaching: World Teachers’ Day 2011	How much is a good teacher worth ?

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1557
Death of Caramurú (1475-1557).

Diego Álvarez Correa was born in Coruña (Spain), although there are Portuguese researchers who are convinced that he was born in Viana do Castelo (Portugal). In 1510, Diego joined an expedition to the Brazilian mainland, but his ship got shipwrecked near Itaparica Island in Bahia. His companions became a feast for the Tupinambá indians living there, but Diego made impression with his musket: he stayed alive and gained his nickname Caramurú (Tupinambá for moraine) to his musket. He lived with the indians, got married with Paraguassu, a daughter of tribal chief Taparica. Diego had many children with different women. Diego and Paraguassu traveled to France, where Paraguassu became baptized into Catarina do Brasil. Thanks to his experiences with the indians, Diego worked as a interpreter and negotiator between the Portuguese, missionaries, and indians. He assisted Tomé de Sousa with the foundation of the city of Salvador. Salvador became the capital of the Brazilian colony. Diego died in Vila Velha (ES). Frei José de Santa Rita Durão wrote an epic poem (1781) about the person Caramurú, TV channel Globo produced a movie about his life.

 

CARAMURU
Caramuru. Diogo e Paraguassu	A piece from the brazilian movie “Caramuru” (Subs & Trans)
Caramuru (1/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009	Caramuru (2/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009
Caramuru (3/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009	Caramuru (4/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009
Caramuru (5/5) – De Lá Pra Cá – 30/03/2009	Obra Rara – “Caramuru: poema épico do descobrimento da Bahia”

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1988
Creation of the state of Amapá (AP).

Amapá shares borders with the state of Pará, and with neighboring countries Suriname and French Guyana. The state is located at the mouth of the Amazon river. Macapá, the state capital, is located on the equator. The size of Amapá is 3.5 times the size of The Netherlands and counts only 600 thousand inhabitants. Most of them live in the capital. The former capitania Costa do Cabo Norte suffered numerous attacks and invasion attempts by the English, French and Dutch. The borderline between Amapá and French Guyana was drawn in 1713, following the Treaty of Utrecht.

 

AMAPÁ (AP)
Amapá, terra das águas (Globo Repórter 2007)	Macapá Amapá (Vídeo Atualizado)
Turismo no Amapá	Macapa – Amapa – North Region – Brazil

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1988
Creation of the state of Roraima (RR).

The state of Roraima (5.5 times the size of The Netherlands) is located in north Brazil, and shares borders with neighboring countries Venezuela, and Guyana, and with the states of Pará and Amazonas. Roraima counts no more than 400 thousand inhabitants, of which more than half lives in Boa Vista, the capital. The former area of Rio Branco was disputed by the English, Spanish, and Dutch. The Dutch arrived there in their search of trade opportunities and indians for slave trade. In order to withstand the foreign expeditions, the Capitania Real de São José do Rio Branco was created in 1755. Ealry 20th century the capitania lost a tiny part of its area to English Guyana.

 

RORAIMA (RR)
RORAIMA	Roraima, Terra de Oportunidades
Conheça um pouco mais sobre o estado de Roraima com o jornalista	Roraima – Fronteira do Brasil com bons negócios

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1988
Creation of the state of Tocantins (TO).

According to the new Brazilian constitution of 1988. Tocantins became separated from the state of Goiás. The state, seven times the size of The Netherlands, counts nearly 1.5 million inhabitants. Palmas, the state capital, was founded in 1989, and now counts little more than 240 thousand inhabitants.

  

TOCANTINS (TO)
VT Aniversário Palmas 22 anos – Uma idéia que deu certo 2011	Potencialidades do Tocantins
Palmas Tocantins (Vídeo Atualizado)	Tocantins – História Viva

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1988
Publication of the eight Brazilian Constitutional Law.

The first Brazilian Constitutional Law was created by Dom Pedro I in 1824. Two years after the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic, number two was published in 1891. Number three appeared in 1934, as a reaction upon the revolutions in earlier years. Getúlio Vargas introduced number four, which followed after his declaration of the Estado Novo (1937). When his dictatorial government was ended, number five appeared in 1946. Three years after the military coup in 1964, number six was published in 1967. Less than two years later, it was rewritten in number seven. Number eight was published three years after the end of the dicatorial government in 1985.

 

BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1988
Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (1/5)	Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (2/5)
Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (3/5)	Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (4/5)
Saber Direito – Constituição Federal (5/5)	Oitava Constituição Brasileira entra em vigor (1988)
Discurso de Promulgação da Constituição de 88	Promulgação da Constituição de 1988 – Ulisses Guimarães

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1942
Replacement of the Brazilian currency: Réis by Cruzeiro (Decreto-lei nº 4.791).

This monetary replacement came into effect on 1 November 1942. The centavo was introduced as one-hundredth part of the Cruzeiro. The new currency (Cr$) had the value that was equal to 1000 Réis.

 

CRUZEIRO
As moedas do Brasil de 1981 a 2011 – 30 anos, 5 moedas diferentes (SBT Brasil)	MOEDA BRASILEIRA DO RÉIS AO REAL
Programa Falando – A história da moeda no Brasil (Parte 1)	Programa Falando – A história da moeda no Brasil (Parte 2)

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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