Brazilian Days (276): October 3

Brazilian Days 276

October 3

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DAY OF:

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Dia das Abelhas

(Bees). On 21 September, it was Queen Bee Day. Today, it is a feast day for the beekind.

“Nada se assemelha à alma como a abelha. Esta voa de flor para flor, aquela de estrela para estrela. A abelha traz o mel, como a alma traz a luz.”

Victor Hugo

BEES
Dia da Abelha	Abelhas – SBT Brasília 03-10-11

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Dia do Petróleo Brasileiro

(Brazilian Oil). This day refers to the foundation of Petrobrás in 1953 (see below).

 
Vargas (l), Lula (r)

Oil concession areas in Brazil

BRAZILIAN OIL
Pré-Sal : O Inicio de tudo	SBT Reporter 25-11-2009 Petróleo do Pré-Sal Parte 1
SBT Reporter 25-11-2009 Petróleo do Pré-Sal Parte 2	SBT Reporter 25-11-2009 Petróleo do Pré-Sal Parte 3
SBT Reporter 25-11-2009 Petróleo do Pré-Sal Parte 4	SBT Reporter 25-11-2009 Petróleo do Pré-Sal Parte 5

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Dia Mundial dos Dentistas

(International Dentist Day). This day is somewhat confusing, since it is not a day proclaimed by the United Nations or by the International Dentist Federation. In the United States, Dentist’s Day is on 6 March. Other sources mention 9 February, while the United Nations have introduced World Oral Health Day on 12 September. In Brazil, Dentist’s Day is on 25 October. The day of 3 October is chosen, because  the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery started on 3 October 1840. The profession of the dentist is highly estimated, since we all know the results of the efforts of a dentist to provide us bright and regular denture. WHO data show that between  60-90 percent of children worldwide have (had) caries.

“Aqui, muito ciso e pouco riso”..

“Sorria sempre. Sorria mesmo que seu sorriso seja triste, pois pior que um sorriso triste é a tristeza de não saber sorrir, por isso sorria sempre.”

 
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (l)

DENTIST

Dentistas de luxo – 31/03/2011

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1950
Getúlio Vargas (1883-1954) elected as Brazilian president.

In 1930, Getúlio Vargas came into power with a military coup, after a tumultuous period that followed the murder of João Pessoa, his candidate vice-president. In 1932, Vargas was forced to repress another coup. In 1934, Vargas was elected president by the Constitutional Assembly. In 1937, Vargas committed another coup, and governed Brazil was a dictator, until 1945. Large-scale social pressure forced him to step down. In 1950, Vargas won the presidential elections and was president until he committed suicide on 24 August 1954.

GETÚLIO VARGAS
Getúlio Vargas – Documentário (1974)	Aula Vargas 1950 1954

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1953
Foundation of Petrobrás, a Brazilian multinational energy corporation.

Petróleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobrás in short) was founded according to Lei (law) 2004. In 1997, Petrobrás had a monopoly position in Brazil, in relation to oil exploration. Since then, the Brazilian oil exploration market is open for foreign companies. In the same year, the Brazilian oil production reached the magic barrier of one million barres per day. At that time, this barrier was reached by 16 countries only. In 2003, when Petrobrás celebrated its 50th anniversary, the production was more than 2 million barrels per day. In 2011 (Forbes), Petrobrás, with more than 80 thousand employees, was the eight largest company in the world.

Vargas signing the law (Lei 2004)

   

 

PETROBRÁS
Nasce a Petrobras – 1953	Concluída a instalação da Petrobras – 1954
Petrobras – Com a cara do Brasil – 1958	PETROBRÁS – 1960 – Desafios desde o início
Petrobrás 50 anos	Petrobras – Institucional
Petrobras Oil Discovery	Petrobras – Global

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1968
Student José Guimarães (20) died in the clashes between students of USP and Mackenzie, in São Paulo.

While Brazil was suffering during from the dictatorial government, there were serious clashes between students of two different universities in São Paulo. The leftist students of USP against the rightist students of the Mackenzie University. Late sixties, there were regular armed conflicts, in which violence was commonplace. The fighting students made use of home-made bombs and even firearms. During one of these violent clashes, one student was hit in the head by a bullet. He died one day later. At that time, the governor of the state of São Paulo, fearing escalations, provided false data in relation to the funeral and implemented censorship of the investigations. The conflict now is known as “Batalha da Maria Antônia”, referring to the street in the city center, where the dramatic conflict occurred.

   
José Guimarães after being hit (c)

 

 

BATALHA DA MARIA ANTONIA
Batalha da maria antonia	A Batalha da Maria Antônia
Tease Maria Antonia

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (273): September 30

Brazilian Days 273

September 30

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DAY OF:

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Dia Mundial do Tradutor

(International Translation Day). Translation is more than a profession, it is an art. Many of us must have tried to translate a text from a foreign language into the native language. And many have discovered that it is really hard to translate the thoughts of a foreign author. It is more than just translation: it is also an interpretation, using our cultural values and expressions. One of the most influential translations is the translation of the Bible by St. Jerome, from Hebrew into Greek and Latin. Therefore, he is considered as patron saint of the translators. Since the foundation of the International Federation of Translators in 1953, the feast day of St. Jerome is commemorated. Only in 1991, this day became the International Translation Day.

Theme for 2012 is:

‘Translation as Intercultural Interpretation’.

Theme of 2007 was:

DON’T SHOOT THE MESSENGER!

One may think of the many interpreters who were killed in warring countries, and the many jailed interpreters. The expression ‘Don’t shoot the messenger!’ is very old. It is attributed to Sophocles (442 BC). Much later, Shakespeare used the expression in his work ‘Anthony and Cleopatra (1606-1607).

 

 

INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION DAY
International Translation Day	A Day in the Life of an Interpreter
Interpreting for Europe (EN)	Interpréter pour l’Europe … en français
Interpretare per l’Europa … in Italiano	Interpretar para Europa … en español
Tolken voor Europa (NL)	Dolmetschen für Europa (DE)

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Dia da Bíblia

(Bible). It is no coincidence that today is the Day of the Bible, since the most influential translator of the Bible, St Jerome, is patron of the translators (see above). St. Jerome’s translation into Greek and Latin made the Bible the most translated and most read manuscript in the world. St Jerome is also known as Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus, of Hieronymus of Stridon.

 

BIBLE
History of the Bible (Full Documentary)	The Visual Bible – The Gospel Of Matthew
DISCOVERY CHANNEL: Mistérios da Bíblia (1ª Parte)	DISCOVERY CHANNEL: Mistérios da Bíblia (2ª Parte)

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Dia da Secretária

(Secretary). Probably, St. Jerome did not have a secretary for his translation works, he had to write down all by himself. In fact, he was secretary, of Pope Damasus, and therefore St. Jerome is considered as patron of the secretaries. At present, work of a secretary is essential for various forms of communication and administration.

Verdadeiros anjos da guarda, vocês assessoram,
aconselham, protegem, ouvem, orientam.
Diplomatas, gerenciam conflitos, apagam incêndios.
Liberam seus chefes dos chatos, inconvenientes.
Trazem brilho aos ambientes criados pelos mau-humorados.
E equilibram os excessos dos exagerados.
Descascam abacaxis, alertam para as cascas de banana.
Se sacrificam para apoiar seu líder.

César Souza

SECRETARY
Dia da Secretária – Tudo de Bom	Dia da Secretária (1983-84)

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Dia do Jornaleiro

(Newspaper seller). Late 19th, early 20th century, newspapers were delivered on foot or on horseback in Brazil. Under all circumstances. One of the better known newspaper sellers was Bernard Grégoire. We was riding around on his horse, and used a little horn to announce his arrival. At present, many Brazilians buy their newspapers at the so-called bancas: small kiosks that generally are found on street corners. These bancas also sell magazines, and may offer photocopy and mobile telephone services.

  

JORNALEIRO
Dia do jornaleiro	DIA DO JORNALEIRO

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Dia do Churrasqueiro

(Barbecue cook). In fact, barbecue cook is not the proper translation of ‘churrasqueiro’. Many Brazilian restaurants have a cook who is specialized in barbecued meat and barbecue-related dishes. Meat is flavored in a special way and put on large skewers. The churrasqueiro takes care of optimized conditions of the barbecue process. Waiters walk around with the skewers and cut slices on the plates of the guests. This is the so-called rodizio: one pay a fixed price for limitless meat slices. One also may opt for a rodizio of meat and pizza: not only meat but also pizza slices are then offered.

 

CHURRASCO
O campeão do churrasco na Rede Record Programa Hoje em Dia RS	Aprenda os segredos do churrasco – Hoje em Dia
A Magia do Churrasco	Curso de Churrasco Para Mulheres

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Dia do Portador de Tuberculose

(Tuberculosis). TB is a severe illness; one may die when not treated in time. TB symptoms are, amongst others, chest pain, chronic cough, fever, lack of appetite, and weight loss. Roughly one third of the world population is contaminated with TB bacilli; among them are approximately 45 million Brazilians. It is expected that approximately thirty million people will die of TB within the next 30 years. About six thousand Brazilians die of TB annually. The International Day of Combat against Tuberculosis is on 24 March.

 

TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculose – Mycobacterium tuberculosis	TUBERCULOSE – TV SAÚDE
Tuberculose: conheça os sintomas	Saiba um pouco mais sobre Tuberculose
Campanha Nacional de Tuberculose Fundo Global Brasil	Doenças da Pobreza – Fantástico Rede Globo Televisão

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1988
Gold medal for Aurélio Miguel during the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul (judo).

Aurélio Fernández Miguel (1964) started doing judo at the age of four. In 1987,Aurélio won a gold medal during the Pan American Games in Indianapolis. One year later, his most important victory was the gold medal in Seoul. Eight years later, he won a bronze medal in Atlanta. He had a very successful career, but he never had won the world title: he became second in 1993 and 1997, and third in 1987. Aurélio was elected as the best Pan American judoka of the (past) century). At present, Aurétlio is entrepreneur, member of the city council in São Paulo, and federal congressman.

YouTube Channel Aurélio Miguel

AURÉLIO MIGUEL
Aurélio Miguel – Seul 88	Aurélio Miguel Olimpiadas 88/96 e Mundial 97

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1937
Disclosure and publication of Plano Cohen.

Plano Cohen was a conspiracy plan, by the communists, with the intention to seize power in Brazil. President Getúlio Vargas and general Eurico Gaspar Dutra, minister of War, disclosed this conspiracy plan, which was published in national newspapers. Plano Cohen” became the motive for president Vargas to declare the state of war, on 10 November 1937. That was the start of a dictatorial government (‘Estado Novo’) that lasted until 1945.

 

PLANO COHEN
Plano Cohen	Plano Cohen Uma fraude para manter Vargas no governo História do Brasil

By  Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (236): August 24

Brazilian Days 236

August 24

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DAY OF:

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Dia dos Artistas

(Artists)

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Dia Nacional da Infância

(Brazilian Day of Infancy). A day of reflection about the life conditions of many children, who suffer malnutrition, live with lack of sanitary facilities and potable water, and lack good quality education. At many locations there will be attention to domestic violence that victimizes many children, and sexual abuse, by family members, acquaintances, and by ‘tourists’. Some years ago, an investigation by the Federal Highway Police (Polícia Federal Rodoviária) showed that along the highway network of 60 thousand kilometers, almost two thousand locations are known where children and youngsters are being exploited sexually.

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1648
Death of Antônio Felipe Camarão (?1580-1648).

Antônio was a Brazilian Indian of the Potiguar tribe in the region of the city of Natal. His Indian name was ‘Poti’, meaning ‘shrimp’ (‘camarão’ in Portuguese). In 1612, he converted himself to Christianity, that the day of Saint Anthony, and adopted this name. He adopted the name Felipe, to honor the Spanish king. In 1630, Antônio battled, leading the Indian regiment, against the Dutch occupation, until 1468. In his final year of his life, he battled under the command of the Portuguese. Antônio was honored, and he was allowed to use the title ‘Dom’. Antônio succumbed from wounds that he caught in the famous battle of Guararapes. The city hall of Natal is named after Antônio.

 

FELIPE CAMARÃO

Filipe Camarão – Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara

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1863
Death of actor João Caetano (1808-1863).

João Caetano dos Santos was born in Rio de Janeiro. He started is career in the theater as an amateur, until 1831, when he made his debut as a professional in “O Carpinteiro da Livônia”, later better known as “Pedro, o Grande” (about the Russian czar Peter the Great). Less than two years later, João and some colleagues founded the Companhia Nacional João Caetano. João’s favorite theater pieces were tragedy, but also acted in comedies. He described his experiences in two books: “Reflexões Dramáticas“, (1837) and “Lições Dramáticas” (1862). In 1860, he set up a school for Dramatic Arts, entirely free for students. He died three years later. João is considered as one of the masters of drama. Sixty years later, the historic Real Theatro de São João (1813) was named after him: Teatro João Caetano.

   

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1954
Suicide of president Getúlio Vargas, in Palácio do Catete, Rio de Janeiro.

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas was born in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1882. It is obvious that, in his childhood, he changed his year of birth in 1883. This was discovered in 1982 only. Getúlio enlisted in the army and studied Law. He started his career as a lawyer. In 1909, he was elected as a congressman for his state, and as a federal congressman in 1923. He worked as Minister of Treasury for a short time, before he became president of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. During his mandate he favored secret voting and voting rights for women, and was responsible for the foundation of Viação Aérea Rio Grandense, better known as VARIG. In those days, there still was the so-called ‘cafe-com-leite’ political system: Presidents of the Republic of Brazil were from São Paulo or Minas Gerais. This tradition was ended after a series of political controversies and even a revolt. A military coup was committed, and Getúlio Vargas was appointed as president of the Provisional Government (1930-1934). This became the Constitutional Government (1934-1937), and the New State (Estado Novo: 1937-1945). His government was considered as dictatorial, even fascist, according to some critics. However, he turned against the fascist nations in the Second World War, and chose the side of the Allied nations. Public pressure on Getúlio increased, until he was set aside by a coup, in 1945. He then became senator for Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. In 1950, Getúlio was elected as president. His government was characterized by construction and corruption. In January 1954, an air force officer was shot dead, and a journalist wounded by a bodyguard of Getúlio. This scandal called for stepping down, and ultimately made the president decide to commit suicide. He was a controversial president, who gained the nickname “Pai dos Pobres (father of the poor)” .

  

GETÚLIO VARGAS
Morte de Getúlio Vargas	Um tiro no coração põe fim à Era Vargas
Getúlio Vargas – Documentário (1974)	Getúlio Vargas – De Lá Pra Cá – 24/08/2009
Conheça a trajetória política de Getúlio Vargas	Funeral de Getúlio Vargas – 1954
A Era Vargas – Parte 01	A Era Vargas – Parte 02
A Era Vargas – Parte 03	A Era Vargas – Parte 04

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1954
Installation of João Café Filho as president of Brazil.

Following the suicide of Getúlio Vargas, vice-president João Café Filho (1899-1970), was installed as president of the Republic of Brazil. João was born in Natal, where he worked as lawyer and journalist. He was president (the first protestant president of Brazil), until he had to step down because of health problems (cardiac problems). His successor, Carlos Luz, was put aside only three days later, after a military coup. Café Filho was not allowed to continue his presidency after his disease, since it was assumed that he would not accept the elected presidential candidate Juscelino Kubitschek as his successor.

JOÃO CAFÉ FILHO

1955 – CAFÉ FILHO AT THE FUNERAL DE ARTUR BERNARDES

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (197): July 16

 

Brazilian Days 197

July 16

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Comerciante

(Merchant) It is interesting to know that the origin of the name Mercurius, Roman god of trade, is to be derived from the Latin word Merx, that is to be translated as.. trade. The Dia do Comerciante was introduced in 1953, on the day of birth of Visconde de Cayru: José da Silva Lisboa (1756-1835). The viscount was a politician who was responsible for the liberation of Brazilian harbors for trade with befriended nations, in 1808.

DIA DO COMERCIANTE
Dia do Comerciante 2010	Motives for Dia do Comerciante

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Dia da Nossa Senhora do Carmo

(Our Lady of Carmel). Karmel is located in Haifa, were, according to the Old Testament, prophet Elias battled idols. Worshipers of Elias settled there as hermits. They later formed the basis for the Order of the Carmelites, founded by Berthold of Calabria in the twelfth century, and the Carmelitesses. Their trademark was poverty and manual labor, and prayers in silence. Famous Carmelites are the saints Theresia of Avila, John of the Cross, Theresia of Lisieux, and Edith Stein (Theresia-Benedicta of the Cross). The Dutch priest Titus Brandsma also was a Carmelite.

Origin of the Carmelite Order

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1696
“Foundation” of the state of Minas Gerais.

On this day, a group of bandeirantes (pioneers) from São Paulo, led by Salvador Fernandes Furtado de Mendonça, discovered gold in a river that they baptized Nossa Senhora do Carmo, according to the feast day. The settlement of Nossa Senhora do Carmo emerged along the river, and soon this settlement gained strategic importance about the power game and gold. In 1709, the settlement became capital of the newly formed capitania (‘province’) São Paulo e Minas de Ouro. In 1711, the Portuguese king Dom João V ordered that the settlement should be elevated to a city and should be renamed in Mariana, after his wife, queen Maria Ana of Austria. Mariana became the religious center of the capitania and the first diocese in Minas Gerais. Mariana became urbanized and was one of the first planned cities in Brazil. In 1720, neighboring city Vila Rica became the new capital of Minas Gerais. (Map of the historic center of Mariana)

Mariana (MG)

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1556
First bishop of Brazil shipwrecked near the Brazilian shoreline

Dom Pedro Fernando Sardinha, nominated as the first bishop in Brazil, shipwrecked near the shoreline of Alagoas. Soon the Caeté indians caught and consumed him. This story of cannibalism has raised doubts. An alternative version of the story is that the bishop was murdered by one of the survivors, who had spread the story of the indians to have an excuse to commit genocide and to take their homeland. And indeed, it was the reason for the arrival of a Portuguese expedition force who killed almost all indians of that tribe.

Documentary about the death of the bishop

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1930
Nossa Senhora de Aparecida declared to patron saint of Brazil.

The story of Our Lady of Aparecida dates back to 1717. Three poor Brazilian fishermen were sent out fishing. They had nothing. Until one of them caught a small, headless statue, and not much later, the missing head. According to the legend, they immediately caught a lot of fish. The statue presumably was crafted by a monk from São Paulo, Frei Agostino de Jesus. The statue must have been in the water for many years. At present, this statue of Our Lady is covered by a blue mantle, and it wears a little crown. The statue now is located in the Basílica de Aparecida, the second largest (only after the Saint Peter in Rome) catholic church in the world. The Basílica may host at least 45 thousand believers. More than 6 million believers visit the Basílica annually. The feast day of Our Lady is on October 12.

bron


Santuário NS de Aparecida

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1944
Landing of the first FEB (Força Expedicionária Brasileira; Brazilian Expedition Force) contigent in Naples (Italy).

Initially, Brazil maintained neutrality when the Second World War broke out. The Brazilian president Vargas slightly supported Nazism ideas and continued to trade with the Axis members as well as with the members of the Allied troops. Brazil gave the United States permission to set up air force bases in the northeast. This to dismay of the Germans, who took revenge by attacking Brazilian vessels. When five vessels were attacked in one single day, killing more than 600 people, the government had no other option than to declare war to the Axis members. With help of the United States, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force was organized and equipped. This army force (more than 25.000 men in total) has contributed in the liberation of Italy. Brazilians captured more than 20.000 prisoners of war and lost more than 400 of its men in the battles.

bron

FEB
O Brasil na 2 Guerra Mundial – Lapa Azul – Excelente Documentário sobre a FEB	Documentários da Segunda Guerra – Brasil – FEB – Esquadrão Senta Pua!
FEB – Força Expedicionária Brasileira Parte 1/4	FEB – Força Expedicionária Brasileira Parte 1/4
FEB – Força Expedicionária Brasileira Parte 1/4	FEB – Força Expedicionária Brasileira Parte 1/4

The Disney cartoon image Zé (José of Joe) Carioca was created as a means of propaganda. The Americans were encouraged to become more familiar with their Brazilian allies.

Joe Carioca: Have ever been to Bahia?

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1720
Rebellion leader Felipe dos Santos hanged and dismembered in Vila Rica, Minas Gerais.

Felipe was a miner, who led the revolt, in 1720, against the leadership the Casas de Fundição, responsible for the exploitation of the mines. No less than one fifth of the profits of the gold exploitation was destined for the Portuguese Crown. His rebellion was beaten down, and Felipe was arrested and condemned to death. Count de Assumar, governor of the Province Minas de Ouro was forced to split up the province. It was the birth of the actual state of Minas Gerais, with Vila Rica as its capital.

Revolta de Felipe dos Santos e Conjura Mineira

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1934
Proclamation of the Third Brazilian Constitutional Law.

Brazil has introduced seven different constitutional laws since its independence in 1822. The first was in 1824, the second was two years after the proclamation of the Republic, in 1891. The third was in 1934, partly thanks to the revolts and revolutions in the preceding years. Only three years later, in 1937, the fourth constitutional law, an initiative of Getúlio Vargas, would be introduced.

Documentary about the third Brazilian constitutional law

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (187): July 6

 

Brazilian Days 187

July 6

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DAY OF:

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Dia Internacional de Ação contra Passageiros Indesejáveis

(Worldwide Air Rage Campaign Day). Unfortunately, one may read reports in newspapers about an emergency landing of a certain airplane, when an aggressive passenger had made trouble. That cabin personnel had been harassed or even attacked. In extreme cases, such troublemakers may cause accidents or – as with the hijacks on September 11, 2001 – assaults. This Worldwide Air Rage Campaign Day has been introduced in 2000.

^source

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1959
Opening of Ponte Aérea (airlift) between Rio de Janeiro (Santos Dumont) and São Paulo (Congonhas).

The distance of 400 km takes less than an hour; companies like GOL, TAM, Varig, and VASP together are responsible for sometimes more than 10 flights per hour (at 8 AM and 14 PM), between 6 AM and 10 PM.

VASP Ponte Aérea

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1747
Ban on printing of books and newspapers, per Royal Decree (Carta Régia).

A royal decree from motherland Portugal prohibited printing in order to maintain tight control of the colony. The ban was lifted on 13 May 1808, with the introduction of the Impressão Régia, the Royal Press by the Portuguese King João VI, then in exile in Brazil.

First print in Portuguese
colonial Brazil in 1746

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1942
Official inauguration of Goiânia, the new capital of the state of Goiás.

It is called the ‘Batismo Cultural’, and on that day, in the presence of governor Pedro Ludovico and president Getúlio Vargas, the Relógio and the Coreto were inaugurated. ► More information about Goiânia (incl. videos)

Vargas (l) and Ludovico (r) / inauguration stamp

Telegram with invitation

GOIÂNIA (GO)
Goiânia – Historical images	Goiânia – Documentary
Goiânia – Brazilian Cities Series	Goiânia – GO

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1934
Creation of Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), precursor of the IBGE.

The INE, National Statistics institute, started to function on May 29, 1936. In the following year, the IBGE, the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geographics and Statistics) was formed, still incorporated in the INE. Since then, the INE was renamed IBGE. The IBGE is part of the Ministry of Planning, Bugeting, and Expenditures (Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão), and is responsible for a vast number of statistical data, among which data from all municipalities in Brazil, economic data, and data obtained from the census.

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1871
Death of poet Castro Alves (1847-1871).

Castro Alves was born on March 14, 1847, in Curralinho, Bahia. At age 7, he moved to Salvador, and at age 16, to Recife. In 1864, he started to study Law, after being rejected two times before. His mother died in 1859, and his father in 1866. Shortly after his father’s death, he started to date the famous Portuguese actress Eugênia Câmara. One year later, he moved with the actress to Salvador, where he presented his drama ‘Gonzaga’ ou ‘A Revolução de Minas’. The drama became a success, but Castro had to deal with a real drama: the break-up with Eugênia. He then moved to São Paulo, with the intention to finish his law study. During a hunting event, he was accidentally shot in his left foot. Due to gangrene, the foot had to be amputated. His health weakened as a result of tuberculosis. He spent his final year in Salvador, where he published his only work when still alive: ‘Espumas Fluantes’. Castro died in 1871, at the age of 24. After his death, his works were published: Gonzaga (1875), O Navio Negrero (1880), and ‘Os Escravos’ (1883), amongst others. To his honor, the city of birth was renamed in Castro Alves, in 1900.

Castro Alves / his city of birth

Statue / his work ‘Gonzaga‘ / Eugênia Câmara

CASTRO ALVES
Castro Alves – De lá pra cá 1	Castro Alves – De lá pra cá 2
Maria Betânia recites and sings ‘Um Índio (with English translation)	‘O Navio Negrero’ with interpretation of Paulo Altran
‘As Duas Flores’	City of Castro Alves

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1864
Birth of composer Alberto Nepomuceno (1864-1920).

Alberto was born in Fortaleza, Ceará. At the age of 8, he and his family (his father was a musician) moved to Recife, where he started to play piano and violin. As a youngster he became politically active, as an abolitionist and republican. Alberto started to compose musics in Portuguese; at that time it was a general thought that Portuguese was not suitable for singing classical music. Alberto traveled to Europe, and stayed in Rome, Berlin, where he met his Norwegian wife. He moved with her to Bergen and stayed in Grieg’s house. Alberto then stayed in Paris before returning to Brazil. He once more traveled to Europe for concerts, in 1910. In Brazil he became teacher in Rio, at the Instituto Nacional de Música. Heitor Villa-Lobos became one of his students. Alberto kept on battling for the introduction of Portuguese in opera and song.

ALBERTO NEPOMUCENO
Alberto Nepomuceno – Life, Music, Nationalism 1	Alberto Nepomuceno – Life, Music, Nationalism 2
Alberto Nepomuceno – Life, Music, Nationalism 3	“Trovas Alegres”, “Dolor Supremus” & “Cantigas”
Songs: “Xácara” and “Cantilena”	Suite Antiga
Serenata	Cantinela

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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Brazilian Days (149): May 29

Brazilian Days 149

May 29

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DAY OF:

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Dia Internacional dos Mantenedores da Paz das Nações Unidas
(UN Peacekeeping Force). Since 1948, thousands of ‘blue helmets’ have been sent, with a mandate provided by the UN Security Council, to conflict regions anywhere in the world. Brazil participates with over 2200 soldiers, mainly in the Haiti mission. On 29 May 1948, the first UN Peacekeeping mission: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), based in the Middle East. This mission is still going on. In 2001, the day was established by the General Assembly.

 

UN PEACEKEEPING
In the cause of Peace: Honouring 60 years of UN Peacekeeping	Law. Order. Peace: UN Peacekeeping and Rule of Law
UN Peacekeeping animation – Security and rule of law in the field	The War Against War – What is Peacekeeping?
Brazilian Peacekeepers in action	Embarque dos Militares para a Missão de Paz no Haiti

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Dia do Geógrafo
(Geographer). Geography describes the physical (Physical Geography) and human (Human Geography) aspects of the world around us. A  versatile profession, thanks to our rapidly changing world. This day was established in 1945. Before 1945, the day of Geographical Engineer was held on 11 December, for 12 years.

 

GEOGRAPHY
D-22 – O que é Geografia?	Dia do Geógrafo | 29 de maio
Dia do Geógrafo e A sua Profissão Parte I	Dia do Geógrafo e A sua Profissão Parte II

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Dia do Estatístico
(Statistician). THe day refers to the foundation of the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Géografia e Estatística; IBGE), in 1936. IBGE provides Brazilian statistical data, such as data of the census, most recently held in 2010.

STATISTICS
Dia do Estatístico | 29 de maio	História da Estatística

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1999
Death of athlete João Carlos de Oliveira, nicknamed “João do Pulo”

 

JOÃO DO PULO
João Carlos de Oliveira (João do Pulo) – 1999	Homenagem para João do Pulo

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1936
Creation of Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE; Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)

IBGE
Histórico de 70 anos do IBGE (1936-2006)	IBGE divulga dados do Censo 2010

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1919
First Copa América title for Brazilian soccer team.
Brazil beat Uruguay in the final. The Brazilian team: Bianco, Fortes, Millon, Sérgio, Marcos, Amilcar, Píndaro, Neco, Heitor, Arnaldo, Friedenreich. Friedenreich scored the winning goal in the 122nd minute.

 

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1930
Manifest of Luís Carlos Prestes against Getúlio Vargas’ program

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1999
Death of presbyterian minister James Wright, coordinator of the project ‘Brasil: Nunca Mais’

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (109): April 19

Brazilian Days 109 

April 19

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DAY OF:

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Dia Nacional do Índio
(Brazilian Day of the Indigenous). The day was created by Getúlio Vargas by decree 5540 in 1943, to commemorate 19 April 1940, when the first Inter-American Indian Congress was held in Mexico. (Map of the Indian reserves in Brazil and their populations)

Dia Pan-Americana do Índio
(Pan American Day of the Indigenous)

INDIGENOUS IN BRAZIL
Indios no Brasil 1/12	Indios no Brasil 2/12
Indios no Brasil 3/12	Indios no Brasil 4/12
Indios no Brasil 5/12	Indios no Brasil 6/12
Indios no Brasil 7/12	Indios no Brasil 8/12
Indios no Brasil 9/12	Indios no Brasil 10/12
Indios no Brasil 11/12	Indios no Brasil 12/12

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Dia Estadual da Juventude
(Youth Day, SP)

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Dia do Exército Brasileiro
(Brazilian Army). The day commemorates the first armed conflict by Brazilians in the Battle of Guararapes (PE), against the Dutch.

 

BRAZILIAN ARMY
Exército Brasileiro / Brazilian Army	Tropas especiais do Exército Brasileiro – Montanha

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1648
Start of the First Battle of Guararapes.
People of Pernambuco started a revolt against the Dutch occupation. The revolt escalated into an armed conflict. The Brazilians won this battle at Guararapes.

BATTLE OF GUARARAPES
1ª Batalha de Guararapes – 1ª parte – Nação e Exército	1ª Batalha de Guararapes – 2ª parte – Nação e Exército

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1581
Start of the Spanish dominion of Brazil.

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1883
Birth of Getúlio Vargas (1883-1954), president of Brazil (1930-1945 & 1951-1954)
Some sources mention 1882 as his birth year.

GETÚLIO VARGAS
Getúlio Vargas	Getúlio Vargas – Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara
A História do Brasil por Boris Fausto (Vol.4) – Brasil na Era Vargas (1930-1945).	Getúlio Vargas – De Lá Pra Cá – 24/08/2009
A Era Vargas – Parte 01	A Era Vargas – Parte 02
A Era Vargas – Parte 03	A Era Vargas – Parte 04

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1940
Birthday of Getúlio Vargas became a national holiday.

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1792
Signing of the death sentence of conspiracy leader Tiradentes.

TIRADENTES
Tiradentes, o Mártir da Independência do Brasil	Tiradentes – Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara

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1947
Death of cartoonist Belmonte, creator of ‘Juca Pato’

 

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1996
Death of Brazilian actor Wálter D’Ávila

WÁLTER D’ÁVILA
Walter D’Ávila	A Praça da Alegria – Walter D’Avila e Chico Anysio (1976)

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1998
World title for Rodrigo Pessoa with his horse Gandini Lianos in the discipline individual jumping in Finland.
In 2004, he won Olympic gold in the same discipline in Athens.

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2004
Occupations by families linked with MST (movement of landless workers)
According to numbers of MST, 25.768 families participated in 94 occupations in 17 states.

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2005
Assignment of five indigenous reserves in the state of Amazonas, by President Lula

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2007
Protesters planted 1300 roses on Copacabana Beach, in protest against violence.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (108): April 18

Brazilian Days 108 

April 18

.

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DAY OF:

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Dia dos Ex-Namorados
(Ex-Lovers). This day is an initiative of McCann, of the Salvation Army. His intention was to create a different action in order to receive more donations.

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Dia da Assembléia Nacional dos Índios
(National Assembly of Indigenous)

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Dia de Monteiro Lobato
(Monteiro Lobato Day). Monteiro Lobato was a famous Brazilian childrens’ book writer.

 

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Dia Nacional do Livro Infantil
(Childrens’ Book). On this day, the birth of writer Monteiro Lobato is commemorated.

 

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Dia do Livro Espírita
(Spiritist Book). On 18 April 1857, the famous book ‘Le Livre des Esprits’ (Book of the Spirits), by French writer Allan Kardec, was published.

 

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Dia de Allan Kardec
(Allan Kardec Day). The day of the publication of the first spiritist book by Allan Kardec, is also to honor the author.

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Dia do Massagista (SP)
(Masseur)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1998
Death of singer Nélson Gonçalves

NÉLSON GONÇALVES
Nelson Goncalves Filme	A Arte de Nelson Gonçalves – Programa Mosaicos (TV Cultura, 2009)
NELSON GONÇALVES 21 MUSICAS	Homenagem a Nelson Gonçalves

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1988
Death of singer Linda Batista

LINDA BATISTA
Linda Batista – Série Documento – 1975	LINDA BATISTA – HOMENAGEM A “ESTRÊLA DO BRASIL ” – Eterna Rainha do Rádio
Linda Batista – Quero morrer no carnaval (1960)	Linda Batista – “Vingança” (1976)

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1882
Birth of writer Monteiro Lobato

MONTEIRO LOBATO
Monteiro Lobato Documentário Catedra	Entrevista com Monteiro Lobato
Entrelinhas – Monteiro Lobato	Arquivo N conta as histórias de Monteiro Lobato
biografia de Monteiro Lobato	Entrevista com Monteiro Lobato 2 de julho de 1948

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1942
Introduction of Coca Cola in Brasil 

COCA COLA IN BRAZIL

Primeiro comercial coca-cola brasil

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1760
Expulsion of Jesuits from Bahia

JESUITS IN BRAZIL

Jesuítas no Brasil

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1792
Announcement of the first sentence against the conspirators of Vila Rica

INCONFIDÊNCIA MINEIRA

Os Inconfidentes – Filme Completo

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1945
Pesident Getúlio Vargas announced amnesty for all political prisoners

1896
Acquisition of Palácio do Catete for 3000 contos de réis, by Fazenda Federal (Federal Treasury)

PALÁCIO DO CATETE

Visitando o Palácio do Catete Rio de Janeiro. Hoje Museu da República

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1910
Arrival of the armored vessel ‘Minas Gerais’ in Guanabara Bay.

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1956
Announcement of the construction of Brasília, by President Juscelino Kubitschek

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1999
Interception of an airplane of the FAB (Brazilian Airforce) with more than 30 kg cocaine.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (086): March 27

Brazilian Days 086 

March 27

.

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DAY OF:

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Dia Mundial do Circo
(World Circus Day)

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Dia do Teatro
(Theater)

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Dia do Serviço de Saúde
(Health Service)

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1810
Liberation of ambulant trade in Brazil

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1858
Inauguration of the railway (estrada do ferro, now Central do Brasil) by Dom Pedro II

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1953
Realization of the biggest strike during the government of Getúlio Vargas, by more than 300 thousands workers in São Paulo.

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1989
Start of Domingão do Faustão,with Fausto Silva

Brazilian broadcast Globo launched the program, in their attempt to gain viewers from Sílvio Santos during Sunday afternoons.

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2002
Shirt used by Pelé at the 1970 World Cup sold for approximately 520 thousand reais.

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1968
Inactivation of the final tram lines in the city of São Paulo

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2004
Confession by mechanic Francisco das Chagas of the killing of 12 children in the state of Maranhão

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2006
Acceptance of demisison of Antònio Palocci, by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (070): March 11

Brazilian Days 070 

March 11

.

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DAY OF:

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Dia Estadual do Motociclista
(Motor cyclist (in the state of São Paulo).

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1900
Death of physician, politician and spiritist leader Adolpho Bezerra de Menezes

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1808
Creation of Tesouro Nacional (National Treasury)

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1808
Nomination of Visconde (viscount) de Anadia as the first Minister of Navy

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1942
Confiscation of the financial assets of Germans and Italians,  per decree by President Getúlio Vargas

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1970
Sequestration of the Japanese Consul-General in Brazil, Nobuo Okushi.
He was released four days later, in exchange for eight political prisoners.

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1822
Birth of Januária Maria, daughter of Empress Leopoldina and Dom Pedro I.

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1852
Birth of Brazilian writer Carmen Dolores

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1939
Registration of the first Pardo-Suiço cow, in Petrópolis (RJ)
Eighty percent of Brazilian cattle are of the zebu type, and twenty percent of the European type. The Pardo-Suiço race belongs to the European type.

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1963
Birth of Marcos César Pontes, the first Brazilian astronaut 

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1988
Creation of National Forest (FLONA) of Ibirama (SC), per Decreto (decree) n° 95.818.

The park is located in the state of Santa Catarina and measures 570 hectares.

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1990
Ayrton Senna (McLaren) won the Grand Prix of Phoenix (USA)

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2003
Death of Brazilian caricaturist Miécio Caffé

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2003
Tigress of the ZOO in Brasília killed employee Edson Nunes

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2003
Discovery of petroleum near the coastline of Sergipe, by Petrobrás

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2004
House of Representatives approved the use of guns by municipal guards in cities with more than 50 thousand inhabitants.

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2005
Creation of an ecological corridor between the parks of Serra das Confusões and Serra da Capivara (PI)

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2005
Sequestration of Sandra Clemente, mother of soccer player Luís Fabiano.

She was released on 12 May 2005.

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2007
Bandits attacked during a show of band Chiclete com Banana, at Credicard Hall in São Paulo.

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2007
Sequestration of judge Paulo Zacarias in Maceió.
He was released one day later.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.