Although many calendars show Dia da Abreugrafia on 2 January, the official day is on 4 January.
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1825
Brazil and Argentina started the war about Cisplatina, by conquering Banda Oriental, future Uruguay.
1855 Birth of Urbano Duarte (1855-1902), Brazilian military, journalist, columnist, comedian, and dramatist.
He was one of the co-founders of the Brazilian Letter Academy.
1884 Foundation of the Federação Espírita Brasileira, The Brazilian Spiritualism Federation.
1886 Death of Emílio Luis Mallet (Brazilian marshal, born in France)
1900
Fire destroyed Mercado Modelo of Derby (Recife)
1921
Creation of Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Belo Horizonte
1942
The Fernando de Noronha archipelago, in the Atlantic Ocean, declared as a Military Zone.
1987
Ulysses Guimarães, chairman of PMDB, elected as chairman of the committee that would prepare the new Brazilian constitution.
1989
Police investigation indicated farmer Darci Alves da Silva as the person who gave order to the murder of rubber planter and union leader Chico Mendes.
1991
Creation of State Park “Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul” in the state of Espírito Santo, Brasil.
2002 Death of Fernando Dutra Pinto (kidnapper of the daughter of the popular TV host Sílvio Santos)
Dia da Campanha do Quilo
(Campaign of the kilo). On 31 July 1938, members of a spiritist society collected nutrients for an orphanage in need in Nazareno. This orphanage had difficulties to pay the rent, and there was no money left to feed the children well. This collection initiative, initiated by journalist Jayme Mattos Vieira, became the start of many Campanhas do Quilo. Initially by spiritist societies (they propagate the idea to share with each other), eventually followed by campaigns by Catholics, protestants, and other religious societies. Prior to Christmas, many cities – among them Belo Horizonte – organize Campanhas do Quilo. Many people respond to this initiative with generous donations of rice, flour, beans, milk, and sugar.
Dia Mundial do Orgasmo
(World Orgasm Day). This sounds exciting, but the Global Orgasm Day is on 22 December (only a few days before Christmas…). The orgasm day on 31 July may better be considered as the National Orgasm Day, which was introduced by British erotica company Anne Summers in 2001. Brazilians have excitingly copied this initiative and is now also considered as their Orgasm Day.
Dia do Outdoor (Billboard). Outdoor, a word imported from English. But with a totally different meaning. Outdoors in Brazil are billboards. In any Brazilian city, and along the highways, many giant billboards try to draw your attention. More and more billboards are illuminated and even electronic billboards are assembled in increasing numbers. Some of these billboards have the size of some dozen of square meters. In the city of São Paulo, no less than twelve thousand billboards were counted. Most billboards are renewed regularly, although a small number is badly maintained and is disturbing the street view. Thanks to their giant dimensions, such billboards are hard to avoid, but they also have the advantage that bystanders don’t need to spend much time to read the message.
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1943 Destruction of German submarine U199 by the Brazilian air force.
The attack was performed with an American Mariner, supported by the Brazilian planes Hudson and Catalina. Because Brazil allowed American troops on their soil, and permitted them to start attacks against German and Italian forces from Brazilian bases, German submarines attacked any Brazilian vessel. Many Brazilian vessels were destroyed, many sailors died in these attacks. The U199 even had destroyed a small Brazilian sailing boat with 4 crew members. The U199 was then destroyed, only 12 crew members – among them the commander – and were captured.
1821 Annexation of Cisplatina (what is now Uruguay) to the ‘United Kingdom of Brazil, Portugal, and Algave’
The province was called ‘Província Cisplatina Brasileira’. On 25 August 1825, Cisplatina declared independence under the name Uruguay. Only in 1828, the independence was recognized by Brazil.
1970 Kidnapping of the Brazilian consul in Montevideo – Aloysio Mares Dias Gomides – by the Tupamaros guerrilla movement.
The consul was liberated on 21 February 1971 only, after payment of the ransom of 250 thousand dollars. The movement was named after the Inca revolutionary Túpac Amaru. In the Sixties of the past century, the group started their activities like robbing banks and other institutions and distribute the loot among the poor. In the Seventies, the movement was very active with numerous kidnappings of diplomats. The movement was transformed into a political party after the democratization process in Uruguay in 1985.
TUPAMAROS
Documental Tupamaros
1903 The state hymn of Ceará was played for the first time
HYMN OF CEARÁ
Hino do Estado do Ceará
1932
The city of Palmyra (MG) was renamed into Santos Dumont
SANTOS DUMONT – MG
Cidade de Santos Dumont
1986
Creation of Parque Estadual da Fonte Grande (ES) by Lei (law) nº 3.875
2002
São Caetano was beaten by Paraguayan soccer team Olimpia in the Libertadores Cup finals.
SÃO CAETANO – OLIMPIA
OLIMPIA vs Sao Caetano – LAS 2 FINALES Y PENALES
2007
Launch of PAC in Cuiabá (MT) by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
(Troubadour). The word is probably derived from Latin (trobaire: poet). Every troubadour (or minstrel) is a poet, but not every poet is a troubadour. The ‘trova’ is a ballad that consists of four rhyming strophes. The verses were sung around since the Medieval Ages by troubadours or minstrels. In 1950, a cultural movement emerged, that reflected upon the trova: “Trovismo”. This term was invented by poet/ politician J. G. de Araújo Jorge and by poet Gilson de Castro, better known for his pseudonym Luiz Otávio (18 juli 1916-1977). In 1960, their dream became true: The foundation of an official union (União Brasileira de Trovadores) and their work “Os Primeiros Jogos Florais”. Luiz Otávio was honored as the “Prince of the Brazilian “Trovadores”. In 1980, neotrovismo emerged, by the foundation of the “Clube dos Trovadores Capixabas” by poet Clério José Borges: a new boot for Trovismo. At present, more than 3000 trovadores are active in Brazil; their symbol is the rose, their patron saint is St. Francis of Assisi.
Saudade palavra doce que traduz tanto amargor; saudade é como se fosse espinho cheirando a flor…
BASTOS TIGRE
B- Trovas Filosóficas (philosophic): Thoughts.
Duas vidas todos temos, muitas vezes sem saber: — a vida que nós vivemos, e a que sonhamos viver…
LUIZ OTÁVIO
C- Trovas Humorísticas (humoristic): Comedy.
Eu, trabalhar desse jeito, com a força que Deus me deu, pra sustentar um sujeito vagabundo que nem eu ???…
ORLANDO BRITO
TROVADOR
O Menestrel Moacir Reis (Florianópolis)
O Menestrel Moacir Reis
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1967 Death of Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco (1897-1967), former president of Brazil.
Humberto was a military officer, and was colonel in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force that battled in Italy during the Second World War. We was appointed as chief of the army staff by president Goulart. He was one of the coup members that ousted the same Goulart in 1964. Two weeks after the coup, Humberto was sworn in as the new president. During his mandate until March 1967, all leftist parties became dismantled. The Brazilian airline company Panair (part of Panam at that time) had to end the activities, and Varig took the position of national airline carrier. Shortly after his resignation as president, he was killed in a plane crash in Fortaleza. It remains unclear whether this plane crash was an accident or not.
1841 Coronation of D. Pedro II as emperor of Brazil.
Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Bragança e Habsburgo, is the complete name of Dom Pedro II (1825-1891). In 1831, his father, Dom Pedro I, abdicated, after fierce protests of the Brazilians against his inability to govern Brazil and against his participation in the Portuguese Civil War (Pedro was king Pedro IV in Portugal). Following his abdication, Pedro’s daughter Maria ascended the Portuguese throne at the age of fifteen. At that time, little Pedro was only five. Regents governed Brazil until 1840, when the Brazilian parliament judged 14-year old Pedro old enough to govern Brazil. This motto was ‘União e Indústria, “Union and Industry”. He guided Brazil into the industrialist period. Pedro II governed no less than 58 years, until the military coup in 1889. Two years later, he died in Paris, where he lived in exile. His body was later transferred to Brazil, and he now is buried in Petrópolis.
1821 Annexation of Banda Oriental (future Uruguay) by the Portuguese.
Banda Oriental was added as the province Cisplatina to the Brazilian colony. The Uruguayans battled for their independence for 19 years. In 1811, Southern American Liberation Wars were in full progress, the Uruguayan hero José Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850) battled together with the Argentinians against the Spanish rulers and defeated them. José returned to Uruguay (then called Banda Oriental, after the eastern margin of the Uruguay River), where he started the siege of Montevideo. The Portuguese, in turn, invaded Banda Oriental, but the city was spared. Artigas became leader of the people of Banda Oriental, that joined the Federation of River Plate (future Argentina). The Portuguese invaded, secretly agreed by Argentina, Banda Oriental in 1816. Artigas lost the battle against the Portuguese, and exiled himself to Paraguay. Following the annexation in 1821, revolutions broke out, until the nation declared itself independent in 1825. Together with Argentina, the young independent country Brazil fought a 500-day war, until the ratification of a treaty in 1828, confirming the independence of Uruguay.
source The country was almost completely deserted
for a short time, because of the fights.
Independence process of Uruguay
1971 Final match of Pelé in Brazilian Team.
At the age of 16, Pelé entered the Brazilian national team. In the match against Argentina, Pelé scored, but Brazil lost 1-2. At the age of 17, Pelé won his first World Cup. He participated in four world cups (1958-1962-1966-1970), but did not win in 1966. His ultimate match in Maracanã was witnessed by almost 140 thousand spectators. They pleaded him to stay. Pelé was very nervous before this match, and did not score. He was very emotional when he was substituted. Pele played 115 times for the national team and scored 95 times. Obviously, he did not win the Copa América. His ultimate match as professional was in 1977, during a match between New York Cosmos and Santos.
‘Pelé was considering to continue in the second half’
1892 Creation of a Bacteriological Laboratory in the state of São Paulo, by Lei nº 43.
The Instituto Bacteriológico e o Laboratório de Análises Químicas e Bromatológicas was the precursor of the renown Butantan Institute. French scientist Félix le Dantec was the first director. After six months, he was succeeded by Brazilian scientist Adolfo Lutz. Theinstitutemanaged to control epidemics of cholera, yellow fever and bubonic plague. The Butantan Institute was created in 1901.
BUTANTÃ (BUTANTAN) INSTITUTE
Instituto Butantã
TVendo e Aprendendo:
Instituto Butantan
Instituto Butantan Part 1
Instituto Butantan Part 2
Instituto Butantan Part 3
Instituto Butantan Part 4
Instituto Butantan Part 5
Instituto Butantan Part 6
1959 First appearance of the dog Bidu as a comic in the jornal ‘Folha de São Paulo.
The dog, inspired upon a schnauzer, was created by cartoonist Maurício de Souza. The cartoonist later became famous with his creation of ‘Turma da Monica’.
copyright: Maurício de Souza
1987 Death of Gilberto Freyre (1900), sociólogist, anthropologist, historian, writer, painter, and politician.
Gilberto is widely known for his anthropological studies of races and cultures in Brazil. His best known work is ‘Casa Grande & Senzala’ (The Masters and the Slaves), about the black heritage in Brazil.
GILBERTO FREYRE
De Lá Pra Cá 1
De Lá Pra Cá 2
De Lá Pra Cá 3
De Lá Pra Cá 4
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 1
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 2
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 3
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 4
1913 Introduction of four time zones in Brazil, by law.
From east to west, Brazil measures more than 4300 kilometers. In 1884, it was decided, after a meeting of 24 countries, to introduce time zones. The time zones divided the states of Pará and Amazonas in two time zones. In 2008, these divisions disappeared, following slight adaptation of the time zones. Since 1931, Brazil has summer time from October to February. Also in 2008, it was decided that the southern Brazilian states will have a summer time from the third Sunday in October until the third Sunday in February. In 2011, Bahia joined this group of states.
The left map shows the initial time zones. In 2008, the times zones were adapted, the zones within the states of Amazonas and Pará disappeared. The right map shows the states with summer time (darker color)
1841 Luís Alves de Lima e Silva promoted to Brigade General and awarded the title of Baron of Caxias.
Luís received the title because of this peaceful approach to bring Maranhão back under central control.
1824 Arrival of the first 39 German migrants in Porto Alegre (RS).
This group of German colonists arrived as a result of an imperial program to colonize Southern Brazil. They arrived in the then called Province of São Pedro, and continued their travel to São Leopoldo, where they arrived on July 25.
1847 Death of Bento Gonçalves (Leader of the Farrapos Revolution).
Bento was born in Triunfo (RS) in 1788. He is considered as one of the most important people in the history of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Bento, together with Antônio de Souza Neto and Italian freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought in independence war (1835-1845) against the Brazilian Empire. The revolutionaries (farrapos or raggamuffins) were defeated, and peace was offered by Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, general of the imperial army (see above). In return, the farrapos chose Luiz as their state president.
1969 Safe of Adhemar de Barros, governor of São Paulo, robbed by rebels of VAR-Palmares.
The money – now worth about 15 million euros – was the so-called ‘caixinha’ of the corrupt activities of the ex-governor. Planning of the robbery was worked out in deep detail, and participated by 13. Dilma was linked to this rebel group. The money was transferred to a Swiss bank account, and was used for financing movements against the dictatorship. See also the articles of IstoÉand brasil247.
(Troubadour). The word is probably derived from Latin (trobaire: poet). Every troubadour (or minstrel) is a poet, but not every poet is a troubadour. The ‘trova’ is a ballad that consists of four rhyming strophes. The verses were sung around since the Medieval Ages by troubadours or minstrels. In 1950, a cultural movement emerged, that reflected upon the trova: “Trovismo”. This term was invented by poet/ politician J. G. de Araújo Jorge and by poet Gilson de Castro, better known for his pseudonym Luiz Otávio (18 juli 1916-1977). In 1960, their dream became true: The foundation of an official union (União Brasileira de Trovadores) and their work “Os Primeiros Jogos Florais”. Luiz Otávio was honored as the “Prince of the Brazilian “Trovadores”. In 1980, neotrovismo emerged, by the foundation of the “Clube dos Trovadores Capixabas” by poet Clério José Borges: a new boot for Trovismo. At present, more than 3000 trovadores are active in Brazil; their symbol is the rose, their patron saint is St. Francis of Assisi.
Saudade palavra doce que traduz tanto amargor; saudade é como se fosse espinho cheirando a flor…
BASTOS TIGRE
B- Trovas Filosóficas (philosophic): Thoughts.
Duas vidas todos temos, muitas vezes sem saber: — a vida que nós vivemos, e a que sonhamos viver…
LUIZ OTÁVIO
C- Trovas Humorísticas (humoristic): Comedy.
Eu, trabalhar desse jeito, com a força que Deus me deu, pra sustentar um sujeito vagabundo que nem eu ???…
ORLANDO BRITO
TROVADOR
O Menestrel Moacir Reis (Florianópolis)
O Menestrel Moacir Reis
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1967 Death of Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco (1897-1967), former president of Brazil.
Humberto was a military officer, and was colonel in the Brazilian Expeditionary Force that battled in Italy during the Second World War. We was appointed as chief of the army staff by president Goulart. He was one of the coup members that ousted the same Goulart in 1964. Two weeks after the coup, Humberto was sworn in as the new president. During his mandate until March 1967, all leftist parties became dismantled. The Brazilian airline company Panair (part of Panam at that time) had to end the activities, and Varig took the position of national airline carrier. Shortly after his resignation as president, he was killed in a plane crash in Fortaleza. It remains unclear whether this plane crash was an accident or not.
1841 Coronation of D. Pedro II as emperor of Brazil.
Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Bragança e Habsburgo, is the complete name of Dom Pedro II (1825-1891). In 1831, his father, Dom Pedro I, abdicated, after fierce protests of the Brazilians against his inability to govern Brazil and against his participation in the Portuguese Civil War (Pedro was king Pedro IV in Portugal). Following his abdication, Pedro’s daughter Maria ascended the Portuguese throne at the age of fifteen. At that time, little Pedro was only five. Regents governed Brazil until 1840, when the Brazilian parliament judged 14-year old Pedro old enough to govern Brazil. This motto was ‘União e Indústria, “Union and Industry”. He guided Brazil into the industrialist period. Pedro II governed no less than 58 years, until the military coup in 1889. Two years later, he died in Paris, where he lived in exile. His body was later transferred to Brazil, and he now is buried in Petrópolis.
1821 Annexation of Banda Oriental (future Uruguay) by the Portuguese.
Banda Oriental was added as the province Cisplatina to the Brazilian colony. The Uruguayans battled for their independence for 19 years. In 1811, Southern American Liberation Wars were in full progress, the Uruguayan hero José Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850) battled together with the Argentinians against the Spanish rulers and defeated them. José returned to Uruguay (then called Banda Oriental, after the eastern margin of the Uruguay River), where he started the siege of Montevideo. The Portuguese, in turn, invaded Banda Oriental, but the city was spared. Artigas became leader of the people of Banda Oriental, that joined the Federation of River Plate (future Argentina). The Portuguese invaded, secretly agreed by Argentina, Banda Oriental in 1816. Artigas lost the battle against the Portuguese, and exiled himself to Paraguay. Following the annexation in 1821, revolutions broke out, until the nation declared itself independent in 1825. Together with Argentina, the young independent country Brazil fought a 500-day war, until the ratification of a treaty in 1828, confirming the independence of Uruguay.
source The country was almost completely deserted
for a short time, because of the fights.
Independence process of Uruguay
1971 Final match of Pelé in Brazilian Team.
At the age of 16, Pelé entered the Brazilian national team. In the match against Argentina, Pelé scored, but Brazil lost 1-2. At the age of 17, Pelé won his first World Cup. He participated in four world cups (1958-1962-1966-1970), but did not win in 1966. His ultimate match in Maracanã was witnessed by almost 140 thousand spectators. They pleaded him to stay. Pelé was very nervous before this match, and did not score. He was very emotional when he was substituted. Pele played 115 times for the national team and scored 95 times. Obviously, he did not win the Copa América. His ultimate match as professional was in 1977, during a match between New York Cosmos and Santos.
‘Pelé was considering to continue in the second half’
1892 Creation of a Bacteriological Laboratory in the state of São Paulo, by Lei nº 43.
The Instituto Bacteriológico e o Laboratório de Análises Químicas e Bromatológicas was the precursor of the renown Butantan Institute. French scientist Félix le Dantec was the first director. After six months, he was succeeded by Brazilian scientist Adolfo Lutz. Theinstitutemanaged to control epidemics of cholera, yellow fever and bubonic plague. The Butantan Institute was created in 1901.
BUTANTÃ (BUTANTAN) INSTITUTE
Instituto Butantã
TVendo e Aprendendo:
Instituto Butantan
Instituto Butantan Part 1
Instituto Butantan Part 2
Instituto Butantan Part 3
Instituto Butantan Part 4
Instituto Butantan Part 5
Instituto Butantan Part 6
1959 First appearance of the dog Bidu as a comic in the jornal ‘Folha de São Paulo.
The dog, inspired upon a schnauzer, was created by cartoonist Maurício de Souza. The cartoonist later became famous with his creation of ‘Turma da Monica’.
copyright: Maurício de Souza
1987 Death of Gilberto Freyre (1900), sociólogist, anthropologist, historian, writer, painter, and politician.
Gilberto is widely known for his anthropological studies of races and cultures in Brazil. His best known work is ‘Casa Grande & Senzala’ (The Masters and the Slaves), about the black heritage in Brazil.
GILBERTO FREYRE
De Lá Pra Cá 1
De Lá Pra Cá 2
De Lá Pra Cá 3
De Lá Pra Cá 4
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 1
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 2
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 3
Caminho Gilberto Freyre 4
1913 Introduction of four time zones in Brazil, by law.
From east to west, Brazil measures more than 4300 kilometers. In 1884, it was decided, after a meeting of 24 countries, to introduce time zones. The time zones divided the states of Pará and Amazonas in two time zones. In 2008, these divisions disappeared, following slight adaptation of the time zones. Since 1931, Brazil has summer time from October to February. Also in 2008, it was decided that the southern Brazilian states will have a summer time from the third Sunday in October until the third Sunday in February. In 2011, Bahia joined this group of states.
The left map shows the initial time zones. In 2008, the times zones were adapted, the zones within the states of Amazonas and Pará disappeared. The right map shows the states with summer time (darker color)
1841 Luís Alves de Lima e Silva promoted to Brigade General and awarded the title of Baron of Caxias.
Luís received the title because of this peaceful approach to bring Maranhão back under central control.
1824 Arrival of the first 39 German migrants in Porto Alegre (RS).
This group of German colonists arrived as a result of an imperial program to colonize Southern Brazil. They arrived in the then called Province of São Pedro, and continued their travel to São Leopoldo, where they arrived on July 25.
1847 Death of Bento Gonçalves (Leader of the Farrapos Revolution).
Bento was born in Triunfo (RS) in 1788. He is considered as one of the most important people in the history of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Bento, together with Antônio de Souza Neto and Italian freedom fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought in independence war (1835-1845) against the Brazilian Empire. The revolutionaries (farrapos or raggamuffins) were defeated, and peace was offered by Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, general of the imperial army (see above). In return, the farrapos chose Luiz as their state president.
1969 Safe of Adhemar de Barros, governor of São Paulo, robbed by rebels of VAR-Palmares.
The money – now worth about 15 million euros – was the so-called ‘caixinha’ of the corrupt activities of the ex-governor. Planning of the robbery was worked out in deep detail, and participated by 13. Dilma was linked to this rebel group. The money was transferred to a Swiss bank account, and was used for financing movements against the dictatorship. See also the articles of IstoÉand brasil247.
Although many calendars show Dia da Abreugrafia on 2 January, the official day is on 4 January.
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1825
Brazil and Argentina started the war about Cisplatina, by conquering Banda Oriental, future Uruguay.
1855 Birth of Urbano Duarte (1855-1902), Brazilian military, journalist, columnist, comedian, and dramatist.
He was one of the co-founders of the Brazilian Letter Academy.
1884 Foundation of the Federação Espírita Brasileira, The Brazilian Spiritualism Federation.
1886 Death of Emílio Luis Mallet (Brazilian marshal, born in France)
1900
Fire destroyed Mercado Modelo of Derby (Recife)
1921
Creation of Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Belo Horizonte
1942
The Fernando de Noronha archipelago, in the Atlantic Ocean, declared as a Military Zone.
1987
Ulysses Guimarães, chairman of PMDB, elected as chairman of the committee that would prepare the new Brazilian constitution.
1989
Police investigation indicated farmer Darci Alves da Silva as the person who gave order to the murder of rubber planter and union leader Chico Mendes.
1991
Creation of State Park “Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul” in the state of Espírito Santo, Brasil.
2002 Death of Fernando Dutra Pinto (kidnapper of the daughter of the popular TV host Sílvio Santos)
Dia da Campanha do Quilo
(Campaign of the kilo). On 31 July 1938, members of a spiritist society collected nutrients for an orphanage in need in Nazareno. This orphanage had difficulties to pay the rent, and there was no money left to feed the children well. This collection initiative, initiated by journalist Jayme Mattos Vieira, became the start of many Campanhas do Quilo. Initially by spiritist societies (they propagate the idea to share with each other), eventually followed by campaigns by Catholics, protestants, and other religious societies. Prior to Christmas, many cities – among them Belo Horizonte – organize Campanhas do Quilo. Many people respond to this initiative with generous donations of rice, flour, beans, milk, and sugar.
Dia Mundial do Orgasmo
(World Orgasm Day). This sounds exciting, but the Global Orgasm Day is on 22 December (only a few days before Christmas…). The orgasm day on 31 July may better be considered as the National Orgasm Day, which was introduced by British erotica company Anne Summers in 2001. Brazilians have excitingly copied this initiative and is now also considered as their Orgasm Day.
Dia do Outdoor (Billboard). Outdoor, a word imported from English. But with a totally different meaning. Outdoors in Brazil are billboards. In any Brazilian city, and along the highways, many giant billboards try to draw your attention. More and more billboards are illuminated and even electronic billboards are assembled in increasing numbers. Some of these billboards have the size of some dozen of square meters. In the city of São Paulo, no less than twelve thousand billboards were counted. Most billboards are renewed regularly, although a small number is badly maintained and is disturbing the street view. Thanks to their giant dimensions, such billboards are hard to avoid, but they also have the advantage that bystanders don’t need to spend much time to read the message.
BRAZILIAN HISTORY:
1943 Destruction of German submarine U199 by the Brazilian air force.
The attack was performed with an American Mariner, supported by the Brazilian planes Hudson and Catalina. Because Brazil allowed American troops on their soil, and permitted them to start attacks against German and Italian forces from Brazilian bases, German submarines attacked any Brazilian vessel. Many Brazilian vessels were destroyed, many sailors died in these attacks. The U199 even had destroyed a small Brazilian sailing boat with 4 crew members. The U199 was then destroyed, only 12 crew members – among them the commander – and were captured.
1821 Annexation of Cisplatina (what is now Uruguay) to the ‘United Kingdom of Brazil, Portugal, and Algave’
The province was called ‘Província Cisplatina Brasileira’. On 25 August 1825, Cisplatina declared independence under the name Uruguay. Only in 1828, the independence was recognized by Brazil.
1970 Kidnapping of the Brazilian consul in Montevideo – Aloysio Mares Dias Gomides – by the Tupamaros guerrilla movement.
The consul was liberated on 21 February 1971 only, after payment of the ransom of 250 thousand dollars. The movement was named after the Inca revolutionary Túpac Amaru. In the Sixties of the past century, the group started their activities like robbing banks and other institutions and distribute the loot among the poor. In the Seventies, the movement was very active with numerous kidnappings of diplomats. The movement was transformed into a political party after the democratization process in Uruguay in 1985.
TUPAMAROS
Documental Tupamaros
1903 The state hymn of Ceará was played for the first time
HYMN OF CEARÁ
Hino do Estado do Ceará
1932
The city of Palmyra (MG) was renamed into Santos Dumont
SANTOS DUMONT – MG
Cidade de Santos Dumont
1986
Creation of Parque Estadual da Fonte Grande (ES) by Lei (law) nº 3.875
2002
São Caetano was beaten by Paraguayan soccer team Olimpia in the Libertadores Cup finals.
SÃO CAETANO – OLIMPIA
OLIMPIA vs Sao Caetano – LAS 2 FINALES Y PENALES
2007
Launch of PAC in Cuiabá (MT) by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Brazilian TV channel Band broadcasts an interesting series (in Portuguese) about Brazilians living in various cities all over the world. They show the viewer the interesting locations – apart from the main touristic highlights – and tell what they know about. (copyright videos TV Bandeirantes)
YouTube link: O mundo segundo os brasileiros
Part ten: AMERICA (Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile)
BOGOTA (Colombia)
O Mundo Segundo Os Brasileiros – Bogotá (Colômbia) – HD Completo
LIMA (Peru)
O Mundo Segundo Os Brasileiros – Lima (Peru) – HD Completo
ASUNCIÓN (Paraguay)
O Mundo Segundo Os Brasileiros – Assunção (Paraguai) – HD Completo
MONTEVIDEO (Uruguay)
O Mundo Segundo Os Brasileiros – Montevidéu (Uruguai) – HD Completo
BUENOS AIRES (Argentina)
O Mundo Segundo Os Brasileiros – Buenos Aires (Argentina) – HD Completo
SANTIAGO (Chile)
O Mundo Segundo Os Brasileiros – Santiago (Chile) – HD Completo
Ceará is a state in Northeast Brazil. From its capital Fortaleza, highway BR116 crosses the state southward to the border with the state of Pernambuco. In total, BR116 is about 4400 km long en ends in Southern Brazil, at the border with Uruguay.
Along the highway, one may observe the arid countryside. The so-called ‘sertão’ (wilderness) is very dry and hot.
The pictures were taken from the bus that followed the route southward.
Inside Brazil 
