Brazilian Days (207): July 26

Brazilian Days 207

July 26

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DAY OF:

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Dia da Imprensa Espírita

(Spiritist Press). This day (introduced in 1982) is to commemorate the birth date of the spiritist Luis Olímpio Telles de Menezes (1835-1893), who introduced spiritism and spiritist literature in Brazil, on September 17, 1865.

^source

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Dia do Detetive Particular

(Private investigator). Most of the investigations concern adultery…

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Dia da Vovó ou dos Avós

(Grandmother/ grandparents). The origin of this day is to be referred to the catholic culture. Today is the feast day of the saints Anna and Joachim, Maria’s parents, and Maria was Jesus’ mother. The two saints were the grandparents of Jesus.

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1908
The first automobile race in Brazil, in São Paulo.

This race track had a length of 80 km, between São Paulo and Itapecerica, a race without accidents. Gastão de Almeida from Rio de Janeiro was heading the race, with his Dietrich-Lorraine, for a long time, and had an advantage of five minutes, to his direct opponent Dr. Silvio Penteado, who was driving a 40HP Fiat. Gastão had the misfortune that his oil tank broke, and Silvio could pass him, six kilometers before the finish, and thus claim the victory.

^source

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1930
Murder of João Pessoa in Recife.

João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque (1878-1930) was elected as governor of the state of Paraíba in 1928. His government proved to be productive for Paraíba: economic growth, less taxes, many constructions. Pessoa also was battling corruption, and therefore made many enemies. There were presidential elections in March 1930. President Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa had but forward Júlio Prestes, president of the state of São Paulo, as his possible successor. Vital Soares, president of Bahia, would then become vice-president. The opponent, supported by Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba, was Getúlio Dorneles Vargas, president of Rio Grande do Sul. João Pessoa would then become his vice-president. Pessoa was requested to support the government candidate, Júlio Prestes. He replied, telegraphed by Tavares Cavalcanti, with just one – legendary – word: NEGO! (I refuse!). However, Júlio Prestes won the elections. The opposition accused him of fraud at a large scale. The first signs of a popular rebellion were observed in Pincesa Isabel, Paraíba. The murder of João Pessoa by João Dantas was the extra spark to ignite the revolution. As a result, president Washington was ousted, and Vargas was elected for president. To honor João Pessoa, the actual flag of Paraíba was introduced. Black and red, with NEGO in white letters in the red field. The red color symbolizes the blood shed by Pessoa and the rebels in Paraíba. The capital – then called Parahyba – was renamed into João Pessoa.

^{source source}

A História do Politico João Pessoa

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1612
Arrival of the French vessels Régente, Sainte-Anne, and Charlotte at the Bay of Maranhão.

This small fleet (containing 500 men) was commanded by Daniel de la Touche, Lord de la Ravadière, who founded a French colony there: France Équinoxiale. The French landed on the island of Upaon-mirim, later renamed into Sant’Ana (today is the feast day of Saint Ana, see above). They quickly made contact with the indians of the neighboring island Maragnan (Maranhão). The French started the construction of Fort Saint Louis, named after the French king, Louis XIII. At the end of 1615, the French were ousted by the Portuguese.

^source

Illustration in the report about
the French presence in Maranhão.

THE FRENCH IN MARANHÃO
Franceses no Maranhão (2/2) – De Lá Pra Cá	Expedições: São Luis – 400 anos

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1745
Celebration of the first mass in the chapel of Morro dos Coqueiros – now the city of Aparecida (SP).

In 1717, three fishermen caught a headless wooden statue. Soon, they also caught the head of that statue. They also caught a large amount of fish. The statue was recognized to be of Our Lady of Conception. The statue was now called Nossa Senhora da Aparecida, and at the margin of Paraíba River, where the statue was found, a chapel was constructed. Later, this location was called Aparecida, now hosting one of the largest sanctuaries in the world.

source / source

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1931
Birth of soccer player and coach Telê Santana (1931-2006)

Telê Santana da Silva started his soccer career as a goalkeeper, but soon he played as a center forward, for many years at Fluminense. Telê then started his coaching career and became Brazilian champion with Atlético_MG from Belo Horizonte. He continued at Grêmio and Palmeiras, before he was contracted to coach the Brazilian national team. His tactics strategy – stressing on the attacking qualities – gained him worldwide fame. Brazilians still remember him as the coach who introduced ‘o jogo bonito’, attractive soccer. However, despite playing very offensive, Brazil was not successful during the World Cups of 1982 and 1896. Telê continued his career at São Paulo, and gained another Brazilian title and the Libertadores Cup and the Intercontinental Cup.

TELÊ SANTANA
Mestre Tele Santana	Brazil 1982 – A tribute to the art of football
Telê Santana no Roda Viva – 1992	Documentário Telê Santana – Mesa Redonda TV Gazeta

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1959
Creation of Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários (FEBAB) .

The Brazilian Federation of Librarian Associations was created in order to maintain and to encourage the development of the profession of librarian.

FEBAB E BIBLIOTECONOMIA
Vídeo comemorativo dos 50 anos da Febab	Memória da Biblioteconomia Brasileira – Carminda Nogueira de Castro Ferreira
Globo Universidade – Biblioteconomia – parte 1	Globo Universidade – Biblioteconomia – parte 2
Globo Universidade – Biblioteconomia – parte 3	O Profissional Bibliotecário
BIBLIOTECONOMIA – Programa “Na Real”

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1989
Inauguration of the first turbine of the hydro-electric power station of Samuel – Candeias do Jamari – RO

The construction was started in 1982 and was projected to finish four years later. Due to lack of funding, the 216 MW power station was ready in 1996 only. In the presence of president Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the power station was officially inaugurated on April 12, 1997. However, the first turbine was inaugurated eight years earlier. The power station is located at the Jamari River, an affluent of the Madeira River. Energy is provided for nearby capital of Rondônia, Porto Velho, and – since 2002 – for Rio Branco, capital of the state of Acre.

source / source

Usinas Hidrelétricas do Rio Madeira

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1998
Death of Aymoré Moreira (coach of the Brazilian national soccer team).

Aymoré Moreira (1912-1998) was born in Miracema (RJ). He was active as goalkeeper at various clubs and for the national team. Aymoré was trainer of the Brazilian national, which conquered the second world title in 1962. He had to deal with the sudden injury of soccer star Pelé, but witnessed Garrincha leading the Divine Canaries to the world title. He continued his career as coach at various Brazilian clubs. His brothers Ayrton and Zezé were also active as soccer trainers.

source / source

AYMORÉ MOREIRA
Especial 50 anos – O técnico Aymoré Moreira – Parte 1	Especial 50 anos – O técnico Aymoré Moreira – Parte 2

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2007
Silver medal for César Castro at the Pan American Games (diving).

César (diving, 3 m platform) ranked 4th at the Pan American Games in 2003, and 3rd in 2001. At the Olympics, he ranked 9th in 2004, and 24th in 2008.

source

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2007
Gold medal for the Brazilian women’s soccer team, after beating the United States (5-0) in the final.

At the Pan American Games, Brazil won also gold in 2003, but was beaten by Canada in 2011.

source

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom
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Imaging Brazil 295: Sunset at Gunga Beach, AL (2010)

A personal selection of photographs with their stories.

295: Gunga Beach sunset

When I was accompanying a group of students on their way to João Pessoa, a day was spent on the beach of Gunga in the state of Alagoas. Following my visits in 2008 and 2009, it was the third time I stayed at this  beach paradise. Just like the first time, the bus driver had to use all his experience and agility to guide the bus over the bumpy and paved secondary road. Most students immediately searched for the nearby beach pavilion and ordered a large amount of beer right away. This was not my intention, I preferred a long beach walk, with a camera in my hand. Late afternoon, we enjoyed a breathtaking sunset.

© Adriano Antoine Robbesom 2010, 2017

Brazilian Days (206): July 25

Brazilian Days 206

July 25

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Colono

(Foreign farmhand). At the end of the nineteenth century, slavery was abolished in Brazil, after the signing of Lei Áurea by princess Isabel. The abolition became a real disaster for the land owners, because they lacked employees who worked for free. But they managed a creative solution: the slaves were replaced by foreign farmhands. They were mainly migrants from the European continent who did not see a future for themselves there. They were dreaming of owning a small property. The Colonos were living in small dwellings at the fazenda, worked mainly at coffee plantations and received a share of the crop for their labor. The circumstances in which they worked and lived, were far from good. Nevertheless, a great part of these migrants managed to construct their own life and their own property, a few among them became land owners even.

^source

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Dia Nacional da Agricultura

(Brazilian Agriculture). This day gives attention to the agricultural sector, of essential importance for the Brazilian economics. The share of this sector in the Brazilian economics is decreasing gradually, thanks to the developments in industries and services. More than 3.5 million km2 (almost 100 times the size of The Netherlands) is considered as agricultural area. In June 2011, the export top-ten was as follows: soya, sugar products, meat, forestry products, coffee, tobacco, leather, fruit juice, products of animal origin, and fibers.

^source

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Dia dos Sonhadores

(Dreamers)

^source

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Dia Nacional do Escritor

(Brazilian Writer’s Day). Many dream about, to become a famous writer. But only very few have the talent and persistence to realize that dream. Brazil is on its way to eradicate illiteracy, and in some years almost all Brazilians may be able to read their favorite authors. The greatest author of all times, concerning the Portuguese literature, is undoubtedly Luís Camões. Famous Brazilian writers are amongst others: Machado de Assis, Jose de Alencar, Jorge Amado, Erico Veríssimo, the poets Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Vinicius de Moraes. Until now, the Portuguese literature has gained one Nobel prize only, for José Saramago, from Portugal, in 1998. Actually, the most popular Brazilian writer probably is Paulo Coelho. His works are translated in various languages. Critics consider him a production writer rather than an artist. The best sold Brazilian book is from Paulo Coelho: O Alquimista, the Alchemist. This book has been translated in more than 50 languages, and more than 65 million copies have been sold.

DIA DO ESCRITOR MESTRES DA LITERATURA
Machado de Assis: um mestre na periferia.	No caminho de Drummond.
Guimaraes Rosa: o mágico do reino das palavras.	José de Alencar: o múltiplo.
Rachel de Queiroz: não me deixes.	José Lins do Rego: o contador de histórias.
Quatro vezes quatro: João Cabral de Melo Neto.	Lygia Fagundes Telles: a inventora de memórias.
Mário de Andrade: reinventando o Brasil.	Lima Barreto: um grito brasileiro.
Graciliano Ramos: literatura sem bijuterias.

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Dia do Motorista

(Driver). Today is the feast day of Saint Christopher, patron saint of travelers, and of drivers. His feast day has been changed to July 24, since the Second Vatican Council. About this saint, only few is known, by various legends. Obviously, there is the link between the Egyptian and the christian culture: Anubis, the god who carried Horus over the line. Anubis is depicted with a head of a jackal. In the eastern orthodox tradition, St. Christopher is depicted as a giant with a head of a dog. In most legends st. Christopher is depicted as a giant too (with or without the head of a dog, although the nickname Canineus might be derived from the city of Kana), who converted himself to Christianity. In one legend, this giant was carrying a little child over the river, and this child revealed himself as Jesus. Christopher might have spread the gospel and therefore be tortured and beheaded.

^source

Analogues:

Dia do Taxista (Taxi driver)
Dia do Carreteiro (Cargo freight)
Dia do Rodoviário (Highway)
Dia dos Viajantes (Travelers)
Dia do Caminhoneiro Desconhecido (Unknown truck driver). Introduced in 1985, by law.

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Dia do Paz no Trânsito

(Road safety). In 1993, the Programa de Redução de Acidentes no Trânsito (PARE; Program for reduction of road accidents) was started. The motivation for this program is the huge number of road accident victims. In 2007, more than 45 thousand deaths and 500 thousand wounded, of which more than 100 thousand with sequels. This week, attention will be paid upon road safety, since the safety on the Brazilian roads and highways is deteriorating. More drunk drivers, more accidents, more victims. At parking lots, firemen brigades (who also are responsible for first aid and have ambulances) will set up accidents as a practice for road disasters.

Graph: Index of the number of fatal accidents
against the number of cars.

Numbers of road accident deaths and wounded show an increase with time.

^source

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1953
Formation of the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Lei 1.920 was accepted, confirming the creation of the ministry.

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1943
Birth of the first Brazilian Miss Universe, Ieda Maria Vargas.

She was crowned as Miss Rio Grande do Sul and Miss Brazil, before she gained the title of Miss Universe.

^source

Miss World in 1963

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1824
Arrival of the first German migrants in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul.

On July 18, 1824, the first German migrants (39 families) arrived in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Emperor Pedro I sent these migrants to a small settlement, to populate the region and to boost the local economics. Seven days later, the Germans arrived there by boats. The settlement was renamed into São Leopoldo, a homage to the wife of Pedro I , empress Leopoldina of Austria. The migrants worked as farmhands, but were also skilled with the production of leather ware. Not much later, they founded footwear manufacturing in Brazil. At present, the city of São Leopoldo, at less than 30 km from Porto Alegre, more than 200 thousand inhabitants.

São Leopoldo Fest 2011 – Grupo de Danças Alemãs Wiedersehen

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1966
Bomb attack at Guararapes Airport (Recife).

In the morning, three bombs exploded in Recife, with the intention to kill presidential candidate general Costa e Silva. Two bystanders were killed and sixteen were wounded. This attack is considered as the first terrorist attack in Brazil.

^source

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2002
Inauguration of the Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia (Sivam), the Amazon Surveillance System.

The project was designed to monitor the Brazilian Amazon region with a complex surveillance system, in order to curb trafficking of narcotics and illegal logging or burning of the forest. The surveillance system is composed of fixed and mobile ground radar, and airborne surveillance. The 1.7 billion reais project faced corruption and operation problems.

SIVAM
Interceptação na Amazonia	Lei do abate combate ao tráfico de drogas pela PF e FAB
Seguranca Nacional (filme completo)

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2007
Gold medal for Maurren Maggi at Pan American Games (long jump)

Maurren also won the gold medal at the Pan American Games in 2003 and in 2011, and the gold medal at the Olympic Games in 2008.
In 2007, the silver medal was for Keila Costa, also from Brazil.

Maurren Maggi and Keila Costa
(Foto: Fernando Maia / Agência O Globo)

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2007
Gold medal for Lucélia Ribeiro at the Pan American Games (karate +60 kg)

Lucélia de Carvalho Ribeiro Brose also won gold at the Pan American Games in 1999, 2003, and in 2011.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

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Brazilian Days (205): July 24

Brazilian Days 205

July 24

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Polícia Rodoviária Federal

(Highway Patrol). On July 24, 1928, president Washington Luíz created Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Initially, this unit was called ‘Polícia das Estradas’ (Road Police). The first highway patrol man was Antônio Felix Filho, nicknamed ‘Turquinho’. He started his job on 23 July 1935. He and his colleagues were called ‘Inspetores de Tráfego’ (Traffic Inspectors). In 1945 the unit was called Policia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). In 1988, the PRF was assigned to control the Brazilian highways (more than 61 thousand km). Since 1991, the PRF is linked to the Brazilian Department of Justice. Yesterday, it was the Day of the Highway Patrol Man, today it is the day of the Highway Patrol.

Turquinho (website prf) ^source

POLÍCIA RODOVIÁRIA
Polícia Rodoviária Federal	PRF – no Profissão Repórter
PRF – 24 horas	POLÍCIA RODOVIÁRIA FEDERAL
80 ANOS DA POLÍCIA RODOVIÁRIA FEDERAL PRF	Atuação da Polícia Rodoviária Federal
Conheça a Polícia Rodoviária Federal

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Dia da Iluminação Elétrica no Brasil

(Electric Illumination in Brazil). On 24 July 1883, public electric illumination was introduced for the first time in South America, in Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ). See below.

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Dia do Calouro

(Freshman). During the first week(s) of a new academic semester (in February/ March or August), freshmen undergo the traditional haze.During these ‘calouro’ days the freshmen are decorated with paint in various colors: their faces, hair, arms, legs, clothes. It is not uncommon that these freshmen walk barefoot and beg money from bystanders in the streets. Some faculties also allow throwing eggs. One semester later, these freshmen can take their revenge.

^source

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DAY OF:

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1954
Martha Rocha (1936) from Bahia became second at Miss Universe contest.

The contest was won by the American Miriam Stevenson. Blonde hair, blue eyes. It is not unthinkable that Martha has started this beauty ideal that Brazilian men still have. Martha is from a very conservative family with eleven children. Through a contact of a local newspaper, she was enlisted to the Miss Bahia contest, and she won. Then she clearly won the Miss Brazil title. Martha finished second at the Miss Universe contest, but became the great winner because of the immense publicity around her. She stole many hearts of both Americans and Brazilians:

“Os americanos gritavam Brazil, Brazil! E eu atônita: nunca vi segundo lugar tão festejado (Martha Rocha)”
‘The Americans scream “Brazil, Brazil!” I was astonished: I had never experienced that the second place was celebrated like that’

Martha´s hips were 2 inches wider than those of the American. In that time, smaller hips were a beauty ideal. The wider hips of Martha still are considered as a Brazilian beauty ideal. After Martha, Brazil won the Miss Universe title two times: in 1963 and in 1968.

Por duas polegadas a mais,
passaram a baiana pra trás.
Por duas polegadas,
E logo nos quadris.
Tem dó, tem dó, seu juiz”

^{source source
Martha is the second from left}

MARTHA ROCHA
MARTHA ROCHA, a eterna Miss Brasil 1954 – entrevista Bom-Dia Rio (2009)	Relíquia: Martha Rocha – Patrocínio Fratelli Vita Cristais
Martha Rocha no Antes e Depois 2001	Respect (Aretha Franklin) – Fusão Urbana (voz Martha Rocha)

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1839
Proclamation of República Juliana, in Laguna, future capital of this state.

This republic would become the future state of Santa Catarina. The proclamation, issued by David Canabarro and Giuseppe Garibaldi, was part of the anti-monarchist revolt, against the government of Pedro II. Garibaldi was indeed the Italian nationalist who was responsible for the unification of Italy. The Juliana republic was part of a confederation with República Piratini (actual Rio Grande do Sul). Juliana ceased to exist in November 1839, while Piratini was discontinued in 1845. The name Juliana refers to the month in which the republic was proclaimed.

^{source
Flag of the Republic of Juliana}

REPUBLIC OF JULIANA
República Juliana – Parte 1	República Juliana – Parte 2
A República em Laguna: representação da história	A República Em Laguna 2010

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1883
Campos dos Goytacazes became the first city in South America with public electric illumination.

The city is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and is now known because of its oil fields on the continental shelf. Founded in 1835, Campos dos Goytacazes is a relatively young city. The city grew significantly during the industrial era in the nineteenth century.

Campos dos Goytacazes – end of 19th century

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom

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Brazilian Days (204): July 23

Brazilian Days 204

July 23

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Guarda Rodoviário

(Highway Patrol Man). On July 24, 1928, president Washington Luíz created the Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Initially, this unit was called ‘Polícia das Estradas’ (Road Police). The first highway patrol man was Antônio Felix Filho, nicknamed ‘Turquinho’. He started his job on July 23, 1935. He and his colleagues were called ‘Inspetores de Tráfego’ (Traffic Inspectors). In 1945 the unit was called Policia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). In 1988, the PRF was assigned to control the Brazilian highways (more than 61 thousand km). Since 1991, the PRF is linked to the Brazilian Department of Justice.

Turquinho (website prf) ^source

POLÍCIA RODOVIÁRIA
Polícia Rodoviária Federal	PRF – no Profissão Repórter
PRF – 24 horas	POLÍCIA RODOVIÁRIA FEDERAL
80 ANOS DA POLÍCIA RODOVIÁRIA FEDERAL PRF	Atuação da Polícia Rodoviária Federal
Conheça a Polícia Rodoviária Federal

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1952
Olympic gold and world record for triple jumper Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (1927-2001) in Helsinki.

Thus far, Brazilian athletes did not collect too many Olympic medals; those who won a medal gain more attention in Brazil. In 1948, In London, Da Silva jumped a little more than 15 meters, and achieved the14th place. In Helsinki, he broke the Olympic record four times. The final jump of 16.22 meter was even a world record. Four years later, in Melbourne, Da Silva became Olympic champion again, with a jump of 16.32 meter. He also became a five-time Pan American champion. When Da Silva got tuberculosis in 1960, his sports career ended. He then worked at the Brazilian embassy in Nigeria and was acting in the Brazilian movie “Orfeu Negro” (Black Orpheus, 1959), which won an Oscar in 1960.

^source


Adhemar Ferreira da Silva

Carnival Dance- Black Orpheus – Marcel Camus 1959

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1993
Massacre, which became internationally known as “Chacina da Candelária”, in downtown Rio de Janeiro.

During that night, eight street children were killed by the Polícia Militar, at the entrance of one of the best known churches in Rio: Candelária. Six police officers were arrested, three of them were condemned. Years later, one of the surviving children was the hostage-taker of bus line ‘174’. One hostage was killed. A movie was made, based on this tragedy.

^source / ^source

1993 Rio Chacina da Candelária – Fantástico

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1840
Dom Pedro II (14) declared of age.

One year later, Pedro was crowned as emperor Pedro II.

^source

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1842
Signing of the marriage contract between emperor Pedro II and Tereza Cristina Maria de Bourbon.

Teresa’s full name is: Teresa Cristina Maria Josefa Gaspar Baltazar Melquior Januária Rosália Lúcia Francisca de Assis Isabel Francisca de Pádua Donata Bondosa André d’Avelino Rita Leodegária Gertrudes Venância Tadéia Espiridião Roca Matilda de Bourbon-Sicílias e Bragança (1822-1889). She was born in Vienna (Austria). Pedro was sixteen at that time, and Teresa twenty. Their marriage took place on September 4, 1842, and would last 46 years. Teresa died shortly after the coup in 1889.

^source

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1556
Nomination of Mem de Sá (1500-1572) as Governor-General of Brazil.

He became the successor of Duarte da Costa. Mem de Sá arrived in Brazil at the end of 1557. His first task was to expel the French colonists from Rio de Janeiro, who had founded their colony ‘French Antarctica’. He managed to destroy their fortress ‘Coligny’, but the French left only, with help of his cousin Estácio and, thanks to negotiations of the two famous Jesuits Norbrega and Anchieta with the Tamoio indians to convince them to stop them helping the French. Mem de Sá is considered ass the founder of Rio de Janeiro (1567). He stayed in office as governor until 1572. His successor Luis Fernandes de Vasconcelos would never reach Brazil. His ship with 39 priests was attacked by French pirates and all of them were killed. They are now know as the Forty Martyrs of Brazil.

^source

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1932
Death of Alberto Santos Dumont, aviation pioneer (1873-1932).

Alberto was one of the first in the world to fly with a motorized airplane. In 1910, multiple sclerosis was detected, and caused a depression. Alberto returned to Brazil, after having lived and worked in France for many years. In 1932, he committed suicide, unhappy with his disease and depression, and unhappy about the use of his invention in warfare. Alberto was not married and did not have children.

source

Santos-Dumont: Biografias Brasileiras

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1975
Flag of Rio de Janeiro became the flag of the new state of Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro was capital of Brazil from 1763 to 1960. In 1834, the city was nominated the Imperial Capital. Following the proclamation of the republic in 1889, Rio remained the capital, until the inauguration of the newly-designed capital Brasília in 1960. The federal district of Rio de Janeiro was then renamed in the state of Guanabara, and was Brazil’s smallest state for 15 years. The state of Rio de Janeiro surrounded the state of Guanabara completely and had Niterói as its capital. Merger of the two states took place in 1975 and the city of Rio de Janeiro became the capital. The flag of the former state of Rio de Janeiro became the flag of the merger state.

Left: flag of Guanabara, now flag of the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Right: flag of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

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2001
Defeat of the Brazilian national soccer team against Honduras led to the elimination in the 2001 Copa América.

In the group phase, Brazil won from Peru and Paraguay, but lost to Mexico. As first ranked in the group, Brazil (with Luiz Felipe Scolari (Felipão) as the coach) was linked to Honduras in the quarter finals. Beletti scored an own goal in the 57th minute, Saul Martinez made the second for Honduras in the final seconds of the match. A historical defeat. Colombia became champion after beating Mexico in the final.

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1829
Return of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva from exile.

José (1763-1838) was an important person in Brazilian history. Besides statesman, he was a scientist (geologist) and poet. José was one of the mentors of the independence of Brazil. His democratic principles were not accepted by the government and be was arrested and put in exile in 1823. He then lived in France, until he was allowed to return to Brazil in 1829. His Irish wife died during the journey. José was a regent for a short period, when Pedro II was too young to climb the imperial throne. His regency only lasted two years, when he was accused of betrayal. He then was pardoned and lived until his death in 1838 in Niterói.

José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva –
Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara

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2007
Gold medal for Fabiana Murer at Pan American Games (pole vault)

Fabiana won silver at the Pan American Games in 2011, became world champion in 2011, and indoor world champion in 2010. She became the first Brazilian to win gold at a IAAF world championship. She participated in Beijing 2008, but was eliminated in the finals.

Foto: Estadão

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2007
Gold medal for Yane Marques at Pan American Games (modern pentathlon)

Yane won also silver at the Pan American Games in 2011. She ranked 18th at the Olympic Games in 2008.

By  Adriano Antoine Robbesom

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Brazilian Days (203): July 22

Brazilian Days 203

July 22

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DAY OF:

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Dia do Cantor Lírico

(Opera singer). Until the 20th century, castrated men with their high voices were the absolute stars. Among them, Carlo Farineli was one of the most famous. At the end of the 19th century, castration in order to keep the high voice, was forbidden. Famous singers of recent times are amongst others Maria Callas, and Pavarotti, Carreras, Bocelli. The most famous Brazilian opera singer is the soprano Bidu Sayão (1902-1999).

^source

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1960
Formation of the ministries of Energy and Mines (Minas e Energia), and Trade and Industries (Indústria e Comércio).

The latter already has been renamed in the ministry of Development, Industries, and Foreign Trade (Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior).

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1951
Palmeiras won the Copa Rio Internacional, after winning the finals against Juventus (ITA).

After the loss of the Brazilian national team in the World Cup final in 1950, the Brazilian soccer association organized an international tournament for national champions. The tournament was held with two groups of four, playing in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo. In Rio the participating teams were: Vasco (BRA), Sporting (POR), Austria Wien (AUT), and Nacional (URU). In São Paulo the participating teams were: Palmeiras (BRA), Red Star (YUG), Juventus (ITA), and Nice (FRA). The semi finals were matches between Vasco and Palmeiras, and between Juventus and Austria Wien. Since 2001, Palmeiras had tried having this tournament recognized by the FIFA, as the first world cup for club teams. The FIFA recognized that indeed, in March 2007. But other Brazilian teams followed to fight for their recognition as a world cup winner. At the end of December 2007, FIFA withdrew that decision, and Corinthians (winner of the world cup for club teams in 2000) was declared as the first winner of a world cup for club teams.

WORLD CUP 1951
COPA RIO 1951 – 1° MUNDIAL	Palmeiras-1951 – Campeão ”1º Campeonato Mundial Interclubes
Mundial Palmeirense Copa Rio 1951	Palmeiras, Campeão Mundial 1951

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1911
Padre Cícero (1844-1934) elected as major of the newly-created municipality of Juazeiro do Norte (CE).

Padre Cícero Romão Batista was born in Crato (CE) on March 24, 1844. He started his studies at a seminary, and was professed in 1870. At Christmas 1871, Padre Cícero visited Juazeiro for the first time. In 1889, the first miracle occurred, when a host had transformed into blood. This occurrence repeated various times. These miracles created controversy with the Catholic Church, and the father was excommunicated. On July 22, 1911, Padre Cícero became the first mayor of the newly-created Juazeiro, later renamed into Juazeiro do Norte. The father has not been canonized, but is one of the most biographed persons in the world.

More about Padre Cícero

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1911
Creation of the municipality of Juazeiro do Norte

Initially, Juazeiro do Norte was a district of nearby Crato, and was called Vila de Tabuleiro Grande. Padre Cícero (See above) was one of the responsible men for the emancipation and independence of Juazeiro do Norte. At present, the city in the southeast of the state of Ceará counts more than 250 thousand inhabitants.

JUAZEIRO DO NORTE
JUAZEIRO DO NORTE – CAPITAL DO CARIRI CEARENSE	JUAZEIRO DO NORTE 2012
Juazeiro do Norte completa 100 anos	JUAZEIRO DO PADRE CÍCERO

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2002
Sérgio Vieira de Mello elected as High Commissioner of Human Rights of the United Nations.

Sérgio was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1948, and studied philosophy at Brazilian and European universities. He started his career at the United Nations in 1969. He has worked in many countries, among them is East-Timor. He was responsible for the transitional administration. Then he moved to Bagdad, as a Special Representative. In 2003, Sérgio and 21 others were killed in a bomb blast.

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2007
Gold medal for Marcel Stürmer during the Pan American Games (roller skates)

Marcel won the gold medal with free style artistic roller skating. He also won gold in 2003 and in 2011. His best result at the world championships was the second place in 2011.

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2007
Gold medal for Emanuel Rego and Ricardo Santos during the Pan American Games (beach volleyball).

Emmanuel won gold medals at the Pan American Games of 2007 and 2011, gold at the Olympic Games 2004, and is three-time world champion. Ricardo won the gold medal at the Pan American Games of 2007, gold at the Olympic Games 2004, and is one-time world champion.

Fragment of the final

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2007
Gold medal for Brazilian men’s handball team during the Pan American Game.

Arch rival Argentina was beaten 30-22 in the final.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom
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Brazilian Days (202): July 21

Brazilian Days 202

July 21

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DAY OF:

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Dia dos Mortos da Marinha

(Marines killed in WWII). At the Monumento Nacional, marines killed in World War II are remembered. More than one thousand sailors of merchant vessels and marines were killed thanks to the torpedoes fired from the German U-boats. The monument was erected at the Aterro do Flamengo in Rio de Janeiro in 1960.

^{Monumento Nacional in Rio de Janeiro}

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BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

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1564
Death of Martim Afonso de Souza (1490/1500 – 1564/1571), founder of São Vicente (SP).

In December 1531, the Portuguese king João III sent out an expedition, with De Souza (appointed as governor of Brazil), as the commander. This expedition was in fact the start if the Portuguese colonization of Brazil. Less than two months later, the fleet arrived in Pernambuco. One year later, the same fleet, in search of the legendary ‘Rio da Prata’ (River of Silver), in São Vicente, where De Souza organized the very first elections on the American continent: Elections for the city council of São Vicente. In 1533, De Souza battled against the Moors and Hindus for the dominance of Portuguese India. His victory was awarded with the title viceroy of India. In 1545 or 1546, he definitely returned to his motherland.

^{source source}

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1983
First national strike since 1964.

At present, you will be confronted frequently with banners that announce and justify a certain strike, with the demands written in capitals. Since 1964, it was strictly forbidden by the dictators, to strike. On July 21, more than three million employees in the sectors of banking, public transportation, metal industries, commercial services, public services, were on strike. Numerous manifestations and demonstrations took place in entire Brazil The military regime intervened violently, arrested the leaders of the strike and gatherings were forbidden. The strike became the start of a labor union: Central Única dos Trabalhadores, one month later.

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1902
Foundation of soccer club Fluminense (RJ).

The Tricolores (Their nickname is derived from the colors white, wine red (grená) and green) have established their fame in Brazilian soccer. The team from Rio de Janeiro has conquered the national championship four times: Three times in Série A: (1970, 1984, and 2010), and one time in Série C (1999). In 1952, Fluminense won the World Cup. The most famous players at Fluminense were Telê Santana (later, he became coach of the national team), Didi, Waldo, Rivelino, and Branco (yes, he scored the winning goal against the Netherlands in the quarter finals of the World Cup in 1994).

^source

Fluminense on YouTube

FLUMINENSE
Fluminense champion in 2010	Hymn of Fluminense
History and famous players	Copa do Brasil 2007
Brazilian title 2010 – Documentary	Brazilian title – 1984
Struggle against relegation – 2009	World Cup clubteams 1952

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1674
Start of the Bandeira expedition, led by Fernão Dias Paes (1608-1681).

He was a descent of the first colonists in São Vicente, who were searching for gold and emerald. Stories about the ‘El Dorado’, that was never found, attracted many fortune seekers and adventurers. Fernão was one of them. With the promise of richness and fame, he started an expedition that lasted seven years, from São Paulo to the inland of Minas Gerais. He never has found the treasures, only the less valuable tourmaline. But his expedition was of significant value. During his expedition, he was accompanied by his son and bastard son He had his bastard son hanged since he suspected betrayal against him.

^{source
The route, followed by Fernão Dias Paes}

Bandeiras e entradas

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2007
Earthquake with a force of 6,1 degrees according the Richter Scale between the states of Amazonas and Acre.

According to USGS (U.S. geological institute), the quake occurred at 10.27 am (BST), at a depth of 632,9 km, and at 425 km northwest of Rio Branco, capital of the state of Acre. The quake was slightly felt in the region, and there were no reports of victims. About three years later, on May 24, 2010, another earthquake, with a force of 6.5 was registered. Witnesses reported not having felt this quake.

Graphic: Globo

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2007
Gold medal for the Brazilian handball team at the Panamerican Games, after having beaten Cuba.

Handball was added to the Panamerican Games in 1987. In Cuba 1991, there was no women’s handball competition. Brazil won bronze in 1987 and 1995, and gold in 1999, 2003, 2007, and 2011.

foto: video still ESPN Brazil

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2007
Gold medal for Brazilian Danielle Zangrando (judo, until 57kg).

Judoka Danielle beat American Valerie Gotay in the final. At the age of 16, she won bronze during the world championships in 1995.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
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