Brazilian Days (268): September 25

Brazilian Days 268

September 25

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia Nacional do Rádio

(Radio Day). This day has been introduced, to commemorate radio pioneer Edgar Roquette Pinto, who was born on 25 September 1884, in Rio de Janeiro. See below.

 

RADIO IN BRAZIL
DIA DO RADIO 25 DE SETEMBRO	Matéria dia do rádio 25 de setembro

---

Dia Nacional da Radiodifusão

(Radio broadcast).

---

Dia da Tia Solteirona

(Spinster). Also Brazilians consider this commemoration of spinsters as very funny, and openly question who had the bright idea to introduce such a day.

---

Dia Nacional do Trânsito

(Traffic). Also in Brazil, there are many complaints about the intensity and the dangers of traffic. Conselho Nacional de Trânsito (Contran) is the Brazilian Traffic Council, which controls the compliance of traffic laws.Departamento Nacional de Trânsito (Denatran) is the Brazilian Traffic Agency, and is responsible for the execution of traffic laws. The new Brazilian driving licenses will be equipped with biometric data, including the prints of the ten fingers.Departamentos Estaduais de Trânsito (Detran) are the Traffic Agencies in the Brazilian states, and are responsible for the issue of license plates, traffic signaling, and the processing of fines. Polícia Rodoviária Federal is the Highway Patrol, which control the highways, the processing of accidents on the highways, and give first aid. Their web site shows that in 2007, almost five thousand Brazilians died in road accidents, and fifty thousand were wounded. They also show what they have seized during traffic checks. The Brazilian driving license is linked to a score system, in which traffic violations will result in subtraction of points. A Brazilian traffic controller (police, civil guard) does not use sign language but uses different whistle blows:

One short: Attention, change direction.
Two short: Stop.
Three short: Use the lights
One long: Lower the speed
One long, one short: All traffic must stop.
Three long: Drivers must take their seats again.

Artigo 1, § 1º da lei de trânsito:

“Considera-se trânsito a utilização das vias por pessoas, veículos e animais, isolados ou em grupos, conduzidos ou não, para fins de circulação, parada, estacionamento e operação de carga ou descarga.”

 

BRAZILIAN TRAFFIC
AULA DE PLACAS DE SINALIZAÇÃO DE TRÂNSITO	Acidentes de Trânsito Brasil
Traffic Monitoring – Brazil	Sao Paulo’s traffic chaos – 06 Aug 09

---

Dia do Falecido Indigente

(Impoverished dead). Many poor Brazilians who have a lifelong struggle against poverty, die anonymously and are buried on special locations in cemeteries. They remain anonymous for ages.

---

Dia do Auditor da Justiça Desportiva

(Judge of Sports Tribunal). The Sports Tribunal already was created in 1941, under the name Concelho Nacional de Desportos (CND). Most judgments are about soccer and volleyball, including the judgments after gaining yellow and red cards.

 

SPORTS TRIBUNAL
Saiba Mais – Justiça Desportiva	Dia de julgamentos no Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1884
Birth of Edgar Roquette Pinto (1884-1954), radio pioneer, physician, anthropologist, and author.

As an anthropologist, Edgar wrote an important work about the Nhambiquaras, an indigenous tribe in the state of Mato Grosso: “Rondônia”. Edgar was responsible for the realization of the first Brazilian radio broadcast on 7 September 1922, centenary of the Brazilian independence. One year later, he was co-founder of the first Brazilian radio station: SPE, now known as Rádio MEC. Edgar died, at the age of 70, in Rio de Janeiro.

EDGAR ROQUETTE PINTO
Roquette Pinto	Dia do Rádio – Hélio Ribeiro fala sobre o Rádio

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (267): September 24

Brazilian Days 267

September 24

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Soldador

(Welder). As mentioned in the episode of 23 September, there is some confusion about the exact date? 22, 23, or 24 September? Most websites mention 23 September.

SOLDADOR
Treinamento de Soldadores	Eu faço o que sou. Eu sou o que faço. Soldador | SENAI

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1834
Death of Dom Pedro I, in the Queluz Palace (Lisbon, Portugal).

Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon was born in Queluz Palace on 12 October 1812. His father, Dom João VI, was king of Portugal. The king and his family had to leave Portugal due to the imminent invasion of the troops of Napoleon in 1808, they went to Brazil. The king left the Portuguese colony in 1821, by his son Pedro stayed (`Fico!`), and one year later, he declared the Brazilian independence (`Independência ou morte!`) . In 1817, Pedro married  Carolina Maria Leopoldina of Austria, and after her death in 1826, he married Amélie de Beauharnais von Leuchtenberg, sister of the husband of his daughter Maria, in 1829. Following the death of his father in 1826, Pedro declared himself king of Portugal, as Pedro IV. He reigned less than three months. Pedro appointed his brother Miguel as regent, and his seven-year-old daughter Maria as future queen of Portugal His indecisiveness whether to stay in Brazil or Portugal damaged his popularity. In 1831, Pedro decided to abdicate, to his five-year-old son Pedro II. Pedro I returned to Portugal, where he was involved in a civil war. He was fighting against his brother Miguel, and had the intention to have his daughter  Maria da Glória on the Portuguese throne. Miguel was defeated in 1832. Pedro contracted tuberculosis, and died in 1834, in the same hall, where he was born 35 years ago. In 1972, his mortal remains were reburied in the Ipiranga Museum in São Paulo.

DOM PEDRO I
DOM PEDRO I, o Príncipe Imperador – série ‘1808, a Corte no Brasil’	Dom Pedro I – Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara
O coração de D. Pedro I, do Brasil, IV de Portugal	A Abdicação de D. Pedro I
Dom Miguel: o irmão reservado de Dom Pedro	A cripta de Dom Pedro I

---

1972
Newspaper ‘O Estado de São Paulo’ ignored censure, and published about Guerrilha do Araguaia.

In 1972, Brazil was suffering the harshness of the military dictatorship. Resistance against the dictators was hardly organized, thanks to infiltration within the resistance movements and large-scale arrests. One of the resistance movements had a communist signature, and wanted to initiate a revolution, and to create a model state such as Cuba and China. This guerrilla group had an encampment in what is now the state of Tocantins, and consisted of one hundred members at most, divided into smaller armed units. One fifth of the men were small farmers, almost half of the men were students. The guerilla group was by all socially active in the areas where they camped, and therefore, they gained respect from the locals. Before the group was ready to come into action, the army – in total five thousand soldiers were active in the search of them – traced them. Seven guerrilla members were killed, the others disappeared without leaving a trace. Later research has revealed that these 61 members presumably were tortured and killed. Their corpses and documents that could prove their identity have been destroyed systematically.

A guerrilha já deixou mortos e feridos entre os militares, mas a expressão “guerrilheiros” não é empregada. Os militares usam o termo “terroristas”, afastando, dessa forma, qualquer conotação aventureira ou romantica [sic], que a palavra guerrilheiro possa implicar
^{(O ESTADO DE S. PAULO, 24 set. 1972).}

Blog about Guerrilha do Araguaia

 

GUERRILHA DO ARAGUAIA
Guerrilha do Araguaia | 40 anos	Guerrilheiros do Araguaia
GUERRILHA DO ARAGUAIA A CONDENAÇÃO DO BRASIL NA CIDH	Camponeses do Araguaia: A Guerrilha vista por dentro Documentário Completo
Guerrilha do Araguaia – Parte 1	Guerrilha do Araguaia – Parte 2
Guerrilha do Araguaia – Parte 3	Guerrilha do Araguaia – Parte 4
Guerrilha do Araguaia – Parte 5	Guerrilha do Araguaia – Parte 6

---

1989
World title for Emerson Fittipaldi in the Formula Indy discipline.

Emerson (1946) is a two-time world champion in the Formula One discipline (1972 and 1974). In 1989, Emerson became world champion in the Formula Indy discipline, on the circuit of Nazareth (USA). In 1993, Emerson claimed his second victory in the Indy 500 class.

INDY 500 1989
The finish of the 1989 Indy 500	The finish of the 1989 Indy 500

---

1980
Creation of Parque Nacional do Jaú (Amazonas).

The park was created by presidential decree of president João Figueiredo. The park, which measures 2.272.000 hectares (more than half of the size of the Netherlands), is the larges jungle park in the world. The park counts no less seven different types of jungle vegetation. Access to the park is only able with direct permission from the Brazilian government. The name of the park refers to a fish species, which is present in the river that runs through the park: the Jaú. In 2000, the park was declared natural heritage by the UNESCO.

 

   

Video about the Jaú Park

JAÚ NATIONAL PARK
PARQUE NACIONAL DO JAÚ parte 1	PARQUE NACIONAL DO JAÚ parte 2
PARQUE NACIONAL DO JAÚ parte 3	DOCTV BRASIL: Filhos do Jaú

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (266): September 23

Brazilian Days 266

September 23

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Revegetação

(Revegetation). This day was introduced by law in 1997.

REVEGETATION
A Rearborização e a Revegetação Na Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas	Recuperação de área degradada de Cerrado – Agrofloresta

---

Dia da Internet

(Internet). At present, a world without internet is just unthinkable, while it is only a few decades ago that internet was introduced. In the sixties of the past century, the American army set up an internal communication network (‘interconnected networks’) between the army bases: the ARPANET. This network ceased to exist in 1988. With the transition to the Transmission Control Protocols (TCP)/ Internet Protocol (IP) system, internet became publicly accessible, in 1983. However, it lasted until te nineties, before the public showed serious interest in this new medium. Internet even has a patron saint: St. Isidorus of Sevilla, who had written an encyclopedia in his live (ca.560-636): Etymologiae. The IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) controls the issue and information of the IP-addresses.

Downloadable screen image with St. Isidorus,
from the  KNAW website: Meertens Institute

INTERNET
Єli Corrêa – A História da Internet Dia 06 09 2011	History of the Internet
The Internet in 1969	Historia de internet

---

Dia do Ikebana-Sanguetsu

(Japanese Flower Arrangement). This day was introduced in the state of Rio de Janeiro in 2003. The composition of this (traditional) type of flower arrangements is based upon shapes, lines, rhythm, and color. Not only flowers are used, but also stems, branches, and leaves for the decoration of the composition. Ikebana Sanguetsu is a Ikebana philosophy that tries to realize the human sentiment behind the flower arrangement. Patron of this philosophy is the Japanese Mokiti Okada (1882-1955), who introduced this philosophy in 1971. In 1974, the Ikebana Sanguetsu was introduced in Brazil.

 

IKEBANA
How to make an authentic Ikebana	Sogetsu Ikebana – Japanese Flower Arranging
49. Ikebana International San Francisco Bay Area Chapter 2011	Sogetsu Ikebana Hong Kong 11/2011
IKEBANA KADO DAI SHIZEN – TV Gazeta – Mulheres 11.08.10 PARTE 1	IKEBANA KADO DAI SHIZEN – TV Gazeta – Mulheres 11.08.10 PARTE 2

---

Dia do Soldador

(Welder). It is striking that sixty percent (of more than one thousand!) websites have Dia do Soldador on 23 September, 35 percent om 24 September, and 5 percent on 22 September…

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1788
Birth of Bento Gonçalves da Silva (1788-1847), leader of the Farroupilha Revolution.

Bento was a warlord during a great part of his life. He was a Freemason and a freethinker, and he tried to realize his ideals with the Farroupilha Revolution. For a short period of time, Bento was president of a young and small republic: Piratini, which is now the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Bento died of the consequences of pleurisy.

BENTO GONÇALVES

Bento Gonçalves – Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara

---

1994
Birth of the first Brazilian test tube baby, which was carried during the menopause of the mother.

Nurse Neile Gomes Papazian from Rio de Janeiro was 52 years old, when she gave birth to her daughter Vivian. Almost ten years earlier, on 7 October 1984, the first Brazilian test tube baby was born: Ana Paula Caldeira.

(Situation in 2001)

IVF
Globo repórter – em busca de um filho	Globo Repórter

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (265): September 22

Brazilian Days 265

September 22

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Banana

(Banana). In Brazil, more than half a million hectares are used by banana plantations. The total banana production is about seven million tons. A significant part is exported. However, due to import taxes, there is almost no export to the EU countries.

 

Yellow: concentration of banana
plantations (80% of Brazilian production)

Carmen Miranda – Chiquita Banana
Carmen Miranda

I’m Chiquita banana and I’ve come to say
Bananas have to ripen in a certain way
When they are fleck’d with brown and have a golden hue
Bananas taste the best and are best for you
You can put them in a salad
You can put them in a pie-aye
Any way you want to eat them
It’s impossible to beat them
But, bananas like the climate of the very, very tropical equator
So you should never put bananas in the refrigerator

Link with overview of Brazilian fruits

BANANA
Banana orgânica	Projeto Formoso “A” A cultura da banana no Oeste Baiano
Programa Ação Rural – Cultivo de Banana	Dia de campo na tv – Produção de bananas em áreas alteradas
BRS Conquista: nova cultivar de banana da Embrapa	As propiedades medicinais da Banana

---

Dia Nacional de Defesa da Fauna

(Fauna protection). It is generally known, that Brazil is very rich in fauna life. More than 500 amphibian species, almost 500 reptile species, more than 500 mammal species, more than 1600 bird species, 3000 fish species, and about 15 million insect species. Many species are threatened with extinction, due to climate changes and deforestation, for example. Unfortunately, many animals are captured for international trade. It is estimated that no less than 12 million animals are traded annually. For each sold animal, about nine did not survive their captivity. Animal trade is very profitable, only drug and weapon trade generate more money…

“Não temos nas mãos,
a solução para todos os problemas do mundo,
mas diante dos problemas do mundo,
temos nossas mãos”.

Overview of Brazilian fauna
Interesting link about Brazilian fauna

 

BRAZILIAN FAUNA
Part 1 Brazil	Part 2 Brazil
Part 3 Brazil	Part 4 Brazil
Part 5 Brazil

---

Dia do Contador

(Accountant). The profession of accountant is established by decree 9295 (1946). De Conselho Federal de Contabilidade (Federal Council of Accountants) has described the profession in more detail in Resolution 570. Accountants have St. Matthew as their patron saint. They also have a specific signet ring, and a caduceus: a staff with the winged helmet of Mercurius, de Roman god of commerce, on top of it, and flanked by two meandering snakes. The symbol represent the integration of the four elements: air, water, fire, earth. On 22 September 1945, the first accountant education institute was started. Obviously, the feast day of the patron saint is not on 22 September, but on 21 September. .

   

 

ACCOUNTANT
História da Contabilidade	Bate-Papo com Contadores – SPED Fiscal

---

Dia do Amante

(Lover). One may find broad explanations about lovers: from real lovers to extramarital lovers. Therefore, it is no coincidence that there exist a great number of humorous items about this day on internet.

     

---

Dia Mundial sem Carro

(World Car-free Day). In mega city São Paulo, with more than ten million inhabitants, one out of two people have a car. This means a number of five million cars in the city. This number is increasing with more than 500 per day. Forty percent of air pollution in São Paulo is caused by transport. It is calculated that the inhabitants have reduction of eighteen months of their average life expectancy. On annual basis, there are almost 1500 deaths due to traffic accidents. Therefore, a car-free day is introduced to leave the car at home, and to reflect about the car and traffic problems. The first Word Car-free Day was held in France in 1997. Since then, more countries followed, including São Paulo in 2005.

   

WORLD CAR-FREE DAY
Car Free Day: London	Hoje Dia Mundial Sem Carros é um Sucesso-World Car Free Day
World Carfree Day in São Paulo 2007	Car Free Day – Inspirational Video – “Night Falls”

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1767
Birth of father José Maurício Nunes Garcia (1767-1830).

Father José was born in Rio de Janeiro, and never had left his city in his life.  He had a Portuguese father and a slave mother. José was very productive in composing church music. Historically, father José may be considered a s a pioneer of Brazilian music.

FATHER JOSÉ MAURÍCIO NUNES GARCIA
José Maurício Nunes Garcia – Tota Pulchra Es Maria – (Vox Brasiliensis)	Pe. José Maurício Nunes Garcia – Missa de Santa Cecília CPM 113 – 01. Kyrie
Pe. José Maurício Nunes Garcia – Credo em Dó Maior CPM 122 – 1. Credo in unum Deum	José Mauricio Nunes Garcia – Gloria – Missa Pastoril (cpm108) – Escuta Guiada
Requiem do Pe. José Maurício Nunes Garcia (Introitus) – Coro Madrigale (2008)	Cravo harpsichord Lição n°5 Padre José Maurício

---

1897
Death of Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel (1830-1897), “Antônio Conselheiro”, leader of Canudos.

Canudos was a small settlement in the northeast of the state of Bahia, near the border with the state of Sergipe. The population mainly consisted of freed slaves, mestizos, and indians. Antônio considered himself as a messiah; as a redeemer of the poor and desperate. He gained a considerable number of followers, and wandered with them through various Brazilian states until they settled themselves in Canudos. His messianistic reputation attracted no less than eight thousand followers to Canudos. The mayor of larger Juazeiro, nearby Canudos, feared social unrest and requested provincial troops. A small expedition army was eliminated in an ambush, by followers of Antônio. As a result, President Prudente de Morais sent federal troops to Canudos. The first battle resulted in a defeat for the federal troops. A second, larger expedition force also was confronted with fierce resistance and was forced to retreat. English intervention caused the government to send another army, in order to contral these monarchist insurrectionists. A giant howitzer and machine guns were the new weapons of the federal army. Meanwhile, the rebels suffered famine and were badly equipped. Antônio died of dysentery and malnutrition, due to fasting for penitence. Canudos was surrounded and bombed for days. The rebels surrendered, there were only three armed men left. The men had their throats cut off, the women were raped or sent off to brothels in Salvador. Antônio’s head was transported to Rio de Janeiro, where it was exhibited as a trophy. it is estimated that more than fifteen thousand inhabitants of Canudos died during the military operations.

>

CANUDOS
CANUDOS	GUERRA DE CANUDOS
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 1/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 2/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 3/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 4/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 5/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 6/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 7/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 8/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 9/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 10/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 11/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 12/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 13/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 14/18)
Guerra de Canudos – (parte 15/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 16/18)
PGuerra de Canudos – (parte 17/18)	Guerra de Canudos – (parte 18/18)

---

1866
Defeat of the allied troops in Curupaiti, during the Paraguayan War.

On 2 September, the Brazilian army, together with Argentinian and Uruguayan army units, had conquered the Paraguayan Fortress of Curuzú. The allied forces wanted to progress to the Fortress of Curupaiti, which was already fortified by the Paraguayans. Abundant rainfall also was an advantage for the Paraguayans, who managed to withstand, despite the loss of 2500 men. The allied troops lost 4000 men. As a result of this defeat, the Duke of Caxias was appointed as head of the Brazilian army; two years later, he managed to conquer the Paraguayan fortress.

CURUPAITI & PARAGUAYAN WAR
Curupayti batalla	GUERRA DEL PARAGUAY ” LA BATALLA DE CURUPAYTY” 22 de Setiembre de 1866
A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI 1	A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI 2
A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI 3	A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI 4
A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI 5

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (264): September 21

Brazilian Days 264

September 21

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Árvore

(Tree). The tree as symbol of life. Also of our lives, since we breath the oxygen that is produced by the trees, we live with constructions that are made of wood, we read paper that is made of wood pulp, we warm us by putting the wooden bodies in the fire. When we are destroying the trees, we also are destroying ourselves. In the southeastern region of Brazil, trees are flowering all year long. With the start of the spring, many trees are now decorated with garlands of pink, purple, lilac, yellow, red or white flowers. This site provides an overview of the trees in this region. In 1965, the presidential decree 55.795 introduced the ‘Day of the Tree’ nationwide.

 
Pau-Brasil (l), Brazil’s national tree.

BRAZILIAN TREES
Dia da Árvore – Tree’s Day	Dia da Árvore
HOMENAGEM AO DIA DA ARVORE	Árvores do Brasil – Almanaque Brasil (04/11/2011)
hPau Brasil	Video Institucional Tropical Flora 2008

---

Dia do Radialista

(Radio maker). In 2006, president Lula sanctioned a law, in which 7 November is declared ‘Dia Do Radialista’, to remember composer and radio maker Ary Barroso (1903-1964). However, there was already another Dia do Radialista, on 21 September. This ‘Dia do Radialista’ has ceased to exist with the introduction of the new law.

 

BRAZILIAN RADIO
Dia do radialista – 21 de setembro! Na @EducadoraFM	Dia do Radialista

---

Dia da Abelha Rainha

(Queen bee). The head of state  of a bee nation has her own Queen’s Day. The Brazilian Day of the Bees is on 3 October.

QUEEN BEE
Honey bee queen laying eggs	Cria de abejas reinas
The Beekeepers – Queen Bee (feat. Mystro) [Official Video]

---

Dia Internacional da Paz

(International Day of Peace). In 1981, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided to introduce the International Day of Peace on the third September. At the 20th anniversary of this day, The Interational Day of Peace gained permanent status on 21 September.

“The Assembly, reaffirming the contribution that the observance and celebration of the International Day of Peace make in strengthening the ideals of peace and alleviating tensions and causes of conflict, (decided that) beginning with the fifty-seventh session, the Day should be observed on 21 September each year, with this date to be brought to the attention of all people for the celebration and observance of peace.”
UN/A/RES/55/282

“and that the International Day of Peace shall henceforth be observed as a day of global ceasefire and non-violence, an invitation to all nations and people to honour a cessation of hostilities for the duration of the Day…”
UN/A/RES/55/282

 

May Peace Prevail On Earth
Que a Paz Prevaleça naTerra
Moge er Vrede Op Aarde Heersen

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PEACE
INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PEACE PROMOTIONAL VIDEO	history of the International Day of Peace
UNESCO – INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PEACE SEPTEMBER 21st – I Had The Strangest Dream – The Spinners	John Lennon – Give Peace A Chance

---

Dia do Idoso

(Elderly). Not one, not two, but no less than three days exist in Brazil for Brazilians older than sixty years. It is held today, on 27 September (Brazilian day), and on 1 October (International day). Also in Brazil the percentage of elderly is growing fast. The number will show significant increase, because of a much higher life expectancy and the start of aging of the Brazilian society.

Increase of the number of Brazilians, older than 60 (1980-2020)

Increase of the percentage of Brazilians, older than 60 (1980-2020)

DIA DO IDOSO
HOMENAGEM AOS IDOSOS	Video sobre o estatuto do idoso

---

Dia Nacional de Luta das Pessoas Portadoras de Deficiência

(Combat for the recognition of the disabled). This day is introduced by law 2005, after a battle of politicians and lobbyists, which lasted more than 20 years. It is estimated that there are more than 600 million physically disabled people in the world; about 80 percent of them live in underdeveloped countries. According to the statistics of IBGE, Brazil counts no less than 24.5 million people (14.5 percent of the entire population) with any type of disability. ,Of them 48.1% is visually handicapped, almost 160 thousand are blind; 16.7% has some auditive disability, 176 thousand are deaf; 8.3% has a mental disability; 22.9% a locomotive disability, and 4.1 % a physical disability. Thanks to the large numbers of traffic accidents and street violence, about 10 thousand Brazilians become handicapped each month. The International Day for Disabled People is established by the UN on 3 December.

 

DISABLED PEOPLE IN BRAZIL
Dia do Deficiente (21/09/11)	Dia de luta dos portadores de deficiência
Inclusão social – 21/09/2011	Super Útil – Dia da luta das pessoas com deficiencia fisica
PonTV – Dia Nacional de Luta da Pessoa com Deficiência – 21-09-10	Paim registra dia de luta das pessoas com deficiência

---

Dia do Fazendeiro

(Farmer). The agrarian sector still is a very important part of the Brazilian economic activities, but its share is decreasing gradually.

 

FARMER

Dia do Fazendeiro

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1997
First world title for Brazilian soccer team under 17.

In Egypt, Brazil beat Ghana in the final, with 2×1. Ronaldinho was playing in this team. Brazil gained more world titles in 1999 and in 2003.

FIFA WORLD CUP U-17 1997

World Cup finals 1997 (GHANA vs. BRAZIL u17)

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (263): September 20

Brazilian Days 263

September 20

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Gaúcho

(Gaucho). Gaúcho is a popular term for the Brazilians living in Southern Brazil. It lasted more than 120 years since the discovery of Brazil (in 1500), when the first settlement was founded – by Jesuits – in Southern Brazil. The Jesuits had brought their cattle with them. Bandeirantes dislodged the Jesuits out of Brazil, but Spanish Jesuits returned, at the end of the 17th century. A black page in the Gaúcho history is year 1756. In that year, more than 1500 indians were slaughtered by the Spanish and Portuguese, in seventy minutes only. The region was contested by both the Portuguese and Spanish; part of the original ‘Gaúcho’ region is now Uruguay. In 1824, the first German arrived. They would found 39 colonies in total. On 20 September 1835, the so-called Farroupilha War was started, in order to obtain independence of this region (what is now the state of Rio Grande do Sul) by force. Ten years later, Rio Grande do Sul was added to the Brazilian Empire. Many Gaúchos, serving in the Brazilian army, were involved in the war against Paraguay. In 1875, the first Italian migrants arrived; they populated the drier regions. At present, many names of Brazilians, living in the Southern Brazil, have their origins in Germany and Italy.

DIA DO GAÚCHO
20 de Setembro Dia do Gaúcho RS Brasil Borin Produções	homenagem ao 20 de Setembro – Dia do Gaúcho
RIO GRANDE DO SUL – 20 de setembro	Tradicionalismo Gaúcho

---

Dia do Pombo da Paz

(Peace Dove). It is quite obvious that day pays attention to the male dove, while many texts that describe the Peace Dove are referring to the female dove: ‘pomba’ instead of ‘pombo’… .

POMBO DA PAZ

Dove of Peace

---

Dia do Coletor de Lixo

(Waste collector). In Brazil, it is common (in larger cities) that garbage is collected two or three times per week. Like in Belgium, garbage is stored in little plastic bags, which are obtained from the supermarket. The garbage is deposited in special open graded garbage collectors along the pavement. It is not uncommon that street people search the bags at dawn, in their search for valuable items such as tin cans and paper. The waste collectors – in most cities their wear orange uniforms – appear to perform some kind of (low) paid fitness exercises. They literally jump from the truck, run to the garbage bags, and throw the bags in the track. Then they run, to the next garbage collector. Or they jump on the truck again. They usually work in teams of three to four men. There exist calculations that such a waste collector is making a distance between 30 and 40 kilometers per day….

WASTE COLLECTORS
Profissões Urbanas: O dia na vida de um coletor de lixo	Antonio Sacomory Homenagem Record Coletores Qualix

---

Dia do Funcionário Policial Civil

(Civil Police Officer). The three principal Brazilian police forces are:

Federal Police (Polícia Federal) is responsible for immigration issues and border control, for the issue of Brazilian passports, and for the coordiination of large-scale operations against criminals when more Brazilian states are involved

Military Police (Polícia Militar) wear uniforms (each state has another model) and are responsible for maintaining public order and first aid.

Civil Police (Polícia Civil) is responsible for detective work, forensics, and criminal investigations.

POLÍCIA CIVIL
POLICIA CIVIL DE MINAS GERAIS	Polícia Civil Estado de São Paulo

---

Dia do Papeleiro

(Paper maker). Some sources mention 20 August as the Day of the Paper Maker. The National Workers’ Union of Paper Makers (Sindicato Nacional dos Papeleiros; SINAP) has the day of 8 December in its clauses as the Day of the Paper Maker.
The state of São Paulo has established 20 September as Day of the Paper Maker by law: (Lei 13045). It is the day of the foundation of SEPACO (Serviço Social da Indústria do Papel, Papelão e Cortiça do Estado de São Paulo), in 1956. SEPACO runs a hospital with a capacity of almost 200 beds, and is established as a social service for employees of the paper industry.

^source

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1914
First international soccer match between the teams of Brazil and Argentina.

At their arrival in Buenos Aires, the Brazilians received a floral tribute. The first – friendly – match was easily won by Argentina with 3×0. Seven days later, the first official match between the two Southern American arch rivals was played, for the Roca Cup. Brazil won this match: 1×0. in June 2012, 94 matches between the neighboring countries were played. Argentina won 36, Brazil 34, and 24 ended in a draw. Argentina scored 152  goals, and Brazil 145.

Brazilian team in 1914

  

BRAZIL – ARGENTINA

Rivalidade Brasil Vs Argentina – Matéria Globo Esporte – 02/09/2009

---

1835
Start of  the Farroupilha War.

The Brazilian independence (in 1822) implicated that the political power became centralized in Rio de Janeiro, and there was little attention for regional matters. Southern Brazil, that gained economic power, protested, which led to the revolt of the liberal-minded farrapos in 1835. The first reactions of the federal government were the imprisonment of the governor and members of the Conservative Party. In ten years time, a great number of battles took place between the insurgents and the federal army. There was the proclamation of the Republic of Juliana. The Duke of Caxias intervened and managed to persuade the insurgents to sign a peace agreement in 1845.

FARROUPILHA WAR
Dia do Gaúcho – 20 Setembro	Revolução Farroupilha
Cenas Revolução Farroupilha – Batalha do Seival	Revolução Farroupilha – Inicio

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (262): September 19

Brazilian Days 262

September 19

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Escola Bíblica

(Bible school)

BIBLE SCHOOL

Comemoração dia da Escola Bíblica Dominical

---

Dia do Comprador

(Purchaser).

---

Dia Nacional do Teatro

(Brazilian Day of the theater). The World Theater Day is on March 27, as determined during the 9th Congress of the International Theater Institute, which is linked to the UN, in Vienna (1961).

BRAZILIAN THEATER
Teatro Brasileiro no século XIX	Teatro Musical Brasileiro – Um Tributo
1/6 – MODERNISMO NO TEATRO BRASILEIRO	2/6 – MODERNISMO NO TEATRO BRASILEIRO
3/6 – MODERNISMO NO TEATRO BRASILEIRO	4/6 – MODERNISMO NO TEATRO BRASILEIRO
5/6 – MODERNISMO NO TEATRO BRASILEIRO	6/6 – MODERNISMO NO TEATRO BRASILEIRO

---

Dia do Adolescente

(Adolescent). A simple Google search reveals dozens of hits with a diversity of Days of the Adolescent, and a diversity of data on which this day should be held. Almost every religious institution owns its Day of the Adolescent, many Brazilian cities have their own Day of the Adolescent. Also today is a Day of the Adolescent, as confirmed by the government in the state of Bahia. The diversity makes clear that the Brazilian adolescent will not be forgotten.

---

Dia do Ortopedista

(Orthopedic). Already in the Egyptian Era, bone fractures were fixated with bamboo or wooden splints. On September 19, 1935, the Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (SBOT: Brazilian Society for Orthopedics and Traumatology) was founded by the medics Prof. Luiz Ignacio Barros Lima, Dr. Luiz de Resende Puech, and Dr. Achilles Ribeiro de Araújo. The society was founded in a dependance of Santa Casa de São Paulo, which is considered as the cradle of Brazilian orthopedics.

ORTHOPEDICS
Tour Virtual	O profissional de Ortopedia

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1974
Addition of 15% alcohol anhydride to gasoline, in order to economize fuel.

The announcement was done by the Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool do Brasil (IAA; Brazilian Institute for Sugar and Alcohol). In the aftermath of the worldwide oil crisis in 1973, bio fuel was introduced as one of the first alternatives. At present, a blend of 24 percent alcohol and 76 percent gasoline is used, which is suitable for the majority of all Brazilian cars. The prophetic words of Henry T. Ford, in 1925, are about to become reality:

“alcohol is the fuel of the future”
Henry T. Ford (1925)

GASOLINE & ALCOHOL
Gasolina x Álcool – 08/01/2010	Combustível: álcool ou gasolina? – 09/04/2010
Quem polui mais – alcool (etanol) ou gasolina – parte 1	Quem polui mais – alcool (etanol) ou gasolina – parte 2
Quem polui mais – alcool (etanol) ou gasolina – parte 3	Quem polui mais – alcool (etanol) ou gasolina – parte 4

---

1982
Parque Nacional de Sete Quedas, Paraná, closed.

This national park, with its famous waterfalls, later became inundated in order to facilitate the construction of the hydro-electric power station Itaipú. The inundated waterfalls are now the largest submerged waterfalls in the world, according the Guinness Book of Records. The lake is more than 1350 square kilometers, with an average depth of 22 meters.

  

 

SETE QUEDAS (PR)
1936 – SETE QUEDAS – GUAÍRA – PARANÁ	Sete Quedas Guaira-PR (25 anos)
SETE QUEDAS PARA SEMPRE – SEVEN FALLS FOREVER	Onde Você Estava – Sete Quedas
Adeus a Sete Quedas Carlos Drummond de Andrade – TV Paulo Freire	Sete Quedas, Sete Gritos

---

1921
Birth of pedagogue Paulo Freire.

Paulo Reglus Neves Freire was born in Recife, and lived under very poor conditions in his childhood. While Paulo still was at the high school, he became teacher of Portuguese grammar. In 1959, he obtained his doctorate, after defending his thesis “Educação e atualidade brasileira”. In 1962, 300 land workers were tested with a method developed by Paulo: to learn to read and write within 45 days. In 1964, Paulo, then general manager of the Brazilian Literacy Program, was arrested as a ‘traitor’. He went into exile in Chili. Later he became visiting professor in Harvard, and traveled around the world to start alphabetization programs. In 1980, Paulo returned to Brazil and became member of the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). In the final years of his life, Paulo had various political and advisory functions. He was awarded the UNESCO prize in 1986. In 1997, Paulo died at the age of 75. In 1991, the Paulo Freire Institute was founded. The institute controls educative and pedagogic activities in more than 20 countries.

A democracia não pretende criar santos, mas fazer justiça.
A democracy does not create saints, but makes justice.

PAULO FREIRE
Ultima Entrevista a Paulo Freire 1° parte	Ultima Entrevista a Paulo Freire 2° parte
Paulo Freire Contemporâneo – Documentário	PAULO FREIRE – Importancia do ato de ler
Paulo Freire – Educar para Transformar	Paulo Freire – Pedagogia do Oprimido (Parte 1 – Oprimidos e Opressores)
Paulo Freire – Pedagogia do Oprimido (Parte 2 – Diálogo)	Paulo Freire – Pedagogia do Oprimido (Parte 3 – Revolução Cultural)

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (261): September 18

Brazilian Days 261

September 18

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Televisão

(Television). See below.

TV IN BRAZIL

TV TUPI – inauguração da TV brasileira – com áudio (1950)

---

Dia do Perdão

(Forgiveness). Yesterday was the day of mutual comprehension and respect, today is another day with reason for self reflection. This day is not related to the Jewish day of forgiveness, the Yom Kipur, which starts on October 22.

PERDÃO

Dia do Perdão

---

Dia dos Símbolos Nacionais

(Brazilian Symbols). The four Brazilian symbols are: the flag, the emblem, the hymn and the seal. Why are these national symbols so important? A government website explains about every symbol:

Flag: The flag symbolizes an obtained or requested protection. Who carries a flag, has to keep it above his head. On this way, the flag bearer launches a request to heaven, a kind of connection between heaven and earth. The flag bearer hopes for heavenly intervention. The flag later became the symbol of protection by its ‘owner’: the feudal lord, the general, the head of state, the saint, the organization, the country. The flag serves as a moral protection for what the flag represents.

Emblem: The emblem (or shield) is an anti-monster that is able to change into a monster at his turn, when it is not used in the combat against the enemy, but as domination of the friend. The shield therefore is an instrument for justice AND oppression. The shield follows the direction, the aim of his master. Some shields symbolize functions: the bludgeon, the baton, and the whip symbolize the power of a leader; the lance, the sword, the bow, and the arrow symbolize the power of a warrior; the knife, the dagger, and the spear symbolize the persisting hunter; the lightning and the rays are symbols of supernatural powers.

Seal: The seal was essential in early eastern civilizations. The kind pressed his seal on the documents bearing his decrees. It was a symbol of authority and power, an authorization that generally was recognized and respected. The seal also provided protection to documents that were about to be revealed at a later time, like last wills. Sealing therefore gained the significance of ‘closing, keeping for later’, the symbol of secrecy.

Hymn: In ancient times, it was assumed that music was a harmony between the numbers and the universe, and that this universe could be reduced to musical numbers. By making music, the musician was able to contact the universe. In all civilizations, music has become one of the most essential elements of life; music in the form of hymns, songs, melodies.

BRAZILIAN SYMBOLS

Símbolos Nacionais

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1950
Inauguration of TV Tupi, the first tv channel in Latin America.

Thanks to the efforts of Francisco de Assis Chateaubriand Bandeira de Melo. He was owner of Diários Associados, publisher of newspapers, and a radio station. Francisco was responsible for the first broadcast on April 3, 1950, but this broadcast only was visible within the building of Diários Associados. On September 18, TV Tupi went on air, with the program ‘TV na Taba’. In order to have a representative number of spectators, Assis Chateaubriand imported about 200 televisions from the United States, and distributed them in São Paulo. In 2001, the ‘Dia da Televisão’ was introduced by law.

TV IN BRAZIL
Vinhetas da TV Tupi	FIM TV TUPI

---

1955
First live broadcast of a soccer match on the Brazilian television.

The match between Santos and Palmeiras was broadcasted by TV Record.

---

1822
 Design of the National Symbols of Brazil.

Dom Pedro I signed three decrees: the first three political activities of young independent Brazil. One of the decrees was about the flag and the emblem: ‘The emblem of the Brazilian empire has to be on a green field, with a sphere, on which the Cross of the Order of Christ and in the border a blue circle with nineteen silver stars: a king’s crown with diamonds. The emblem must be flanked by the plants of coffee and tobacco, emblems of the natural richness of our nation […]’.

“O Brasão de Armas do Brasil Reino serão, em um campo verde, uma esfera armilar sobreposta em uma cruz da Ordem de Cristo a esfera do ouro circulada por 19 estrelas de prata em um círculo azul; e uma coroa real com os diamantes ajustados sobre o protetor, os lados de que embracado por duas plantas do café e do tabaco, como emblemas de seus [ riquezas do reino ], em suas cores apropriadas e serão amarrados no fundo com o fitão nacional.”

---

1865
Surrender of the Paraguayan armed forces in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul.

Since 1864, Paraguay and Brazil were at war with each other. Argentina and Uruguay joined Brazil, they formed the Triple Alliance. Paraguayan troops invaded the state of Mato Grosso, and the north of Argentina, and started the attack on Rio Grande do Sul. In Uruguaiana the Paraguayan army was forced to surrender. This phase was the only moment that emperor Pedro II visited the war zone.

Interesting Flash animation about the Paraguayan War

PARAGUAYAN WAR
TV Escola, História Guerra do Paraguai Brasil 500 anos o Brasil império na TV	Guerra do Brasil a Verdade Sobre a Guerra do Paraguai (Documentario Completo Dublado) Filme Serie
HISTÓRIA DO BRASIL: A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI = NARRAÇÃO E PRODUÇÃO PROF. CESAR MOTA	A GUERRA DO PARAGUAI
Guerra de la Triple Alianza Documental Completo

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015

.

Brazilian Days (260): September 17

Brazilian Days 260

September 17

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Compreensão Mundial

(Mutual respect and comprehension). Stable peace is fragile without the fundamentals of mutual respect and comprehension. Respect for each others cultures and religions, this kind of respect is lacking in many cases, as is mentioned almost daily in the newspapers. Respect is the effective weapon in all conflicts and wars.

Comprehension wields the sword that kills the fear.

Nonviolence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time: the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to oppression and violence. Man must evolve for all human conflict a method which rejects revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love.
Martin Luther King, Jr., Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1964.

COMPREHENSION (I)

Dr Martin Luther King Jr Accepts the Nobel Peace Prize

Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence, and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction….The chain reaction of evil–hate begetting hate, wars producing more wars–must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation.
Martin Luther King, Jr., Strength To Love, 1963.

Some day children will learn words whose meanings they do not understand.
Children in India will ask, “What is hunger?”
Children in Hiroshima will ask, “What is an atomic bomb?”
Children in Alabama will ask, “What is segregation?”
And we will say to them: “These are words that no longer have meaning, so we have removed them from the dictionary.”

Quote by ML King in the Sixties, his dream will continue as a dream…

 

COMPREHENSION (II)

Martin Luther King ” I Have a Dream ”

---

Dia Nacional do Transportador Rodoviário de Carga

(Freight cargo transporter). Approximately sixty percent of everything that is produced and consumed in Brazil, is transported over the highways. Especially in the southeast and east, the highways are crowded with a diversity of trucks, vans, kombis, and pickups. Sometimes these vehicles are antique, but generally speaking they are modern. Especially in the state of Minas Gerais, it is really hard to drive through the mountainous landscape. In the north and northeast, the roads are badly maintained and even not paved. According to recent calculations, the transport sector is suffering a loss of 800 million reais (350 million euros) because of the bad infrastructure. In 1993, this day was introduced by decree, as a homage to the cargo transporters.

TRANSPORTE RODOVIÁRIO
Modal Rodoviário (Vídeo Treinamento)	Fiscalização ANTT

---

Dia do Camelô

(Street vendor). You meet them anywhere. On the streets, in the parks, and even inside the bus. Although vending inside the bus is not allowed, some bus drivers give permission to these vendors, to sell candies and chewing gum at low prices. Most venders have registered themselves and bear an identity card. They also have to know the consumer’s rights. Not easy at all, since the camelô does not provide a nota fiscal: a receipt showing the payment, and the taxes that are paid.

CAMELÔ
Camelô do te te te te te te tem no trem da Central a Santa Cruz	CAMELÔ NO TREM – Dá uma olhadinha pra cá!

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1985
Creation of National Park Chapada Diamantina (BA).

Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina is located in the state of Bahia. The park counts about 520 square kilometers. Due to mining activities in the past, the environment shows marks of erosion. Since the discovery of the ore mines by the bandeirantes (pioneers) in the colonial era, many trees were cut. The park is located on a plateau, with an average altitude between 800 and 1000 meters, with peaks reaching 1700 meters. Due to these variations in the altitude, the day temperature may differ significantly. The vegetation is diverse: From dense forests to vast meadows to arid savannas. In autumn and winter, the more than fifty different orchid and bromeliad species flourish abundantly. In addition, the park hosts a number of medicinal plants. Wild cats wander through the park, while armadillos quickly run through the dense shrubs when they observe signs of danger. Various types of snakes prefer to crawl over the surface, while dozens of bird species control the skies. Some of the flora and fauna species are threatened to extinct.

Link to a video about Chapada Diamantina

 

CHAPADA DIAMANTINA (BA)
Chapada Diamantina 01 – Documentário	Chapada Diamantina 02 – Documentário
Chapada Diamantina 03 – Documentário	Chapada Diamantina 04 – Documentário
Os mistérios da Chapada Diamantina – Câmera Record (03-06-2011)	Documentário – Chapada Diamantina
Agricultores de café da Chapada Diamantina usam técnicas orgânicas (Completo) – Globo Rural	Chapada Diamantina – Reportagem Especial – Rural Revista

---

1971
Death of captain and guerrilla leader Carlos Lamarca (1937-1971) in Pintada, BA.

In 1955, Carlos enlisted the Brazilian army, and not much later, he was sent to serve eighteen months in Gaza, during the Suez War. He was captain in Porto Alegre, at the time of the military coup in 1964. He started to contact leftist resistance groups battling against the dictatorship, and in 1969, Carlos joined the clandestine Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária (VPR). He was involved in a large-scale weapon robbery. Carlos evolved to become one of the most active guerrilla members, and was involved in many bank robberies. A group of federal soldiers was hunting him, but they were ambushed and captured. Carlos was also involved in the kidnapping of the Swiss ambassador, who was released after the liberation of a group of prisoners. Carlos left the VPR, and joined the MR-8. There he met a fellow guerrilla, Iara Iavelberg (1944-1971), who was his lover for a short while. Carlos escaped to Bahia, but the soldiers managed to trace him. Carlos was deadly wounded after a fire fight. One month earlier, Iara died under suspicious circumstances: either by committing suicide by a shot though the head, or she had succumbed by torture. Carlos’ widow had escaped to Cuba in 1968, and now still receives a widow’s pension (with a value that equals to the rank of a general). In 2007, the Bahian municipality of Ipupiara, where Carlos was killed, has introduced the Day of Carlos Lamarca. Prior to his death, Carlos was interrogated:

‘Quem é você?’
“Who are you?”

– ‘Carlos Lamarca.’
“Carlos Lamarca”

– ‘Sabe o que aconteceu com a Iara?’
“Do you know what had happened to Iara?”

– ‘Ela se suicidou em Salvador.’
“She committed suicide in Salvador”

– ‘Onde está sua mulher e seus filhos?
“Where are your wife and children?”

– ‘Estão em Cuba.’
“They are in Cuba”

– ‘Você sabe que é um traidor da Pátria?’.
“You know that you are a traitor?”

Lamarca teria morrido sem responder a esta última pergunta.
Lamarca died before he could answer this final question…

 

CARLOS LAMARCA
Lamarca (1994)	Carlos Lamarca – mitos e lendas
Lamarca – cenas do filme	A INDENIZAÇÃO DO LAMARCA

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

.

Brazilian Days (259): September 16

Brazilian Days 259

September 16

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia Internacional para Preservação da Camada de Ozônio

(International Day of the Protection of the Ozone layer). On September 16, 1978, the Protocol of Montreal was signed, banning the use of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) in phases. This day was introduced in 1995 by the General Assembly of the UN. In 1973, the scientists Frank Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina demonstrated the influence of CFC in the atmosphere. They proved that these molecules are able to destroy ozone molecules in the higher layers of the atmosphere: the stratosphere. In addition, Dutch scientist Paul Crutzen demonstrated that nitrogen monoxide may accelerate this destruction. In 1995, the three scientists received a Nobel prize for their discoveries. The famous gap in the ozone layer above Antarctica appeared to shrink, but reached its maximum in 2006: 26 million square kilometers.

Animation about the consequences of ozone depletion (not recommended for minors!)

 


The ozone layer on 24 September 24 2006,
reaching an all-time maximum

OZONE DEPLETION

Globo Ecologia: Camada de Ozônio

---

Dia da Conservação e Fertilidade do Solo

(Protection and Fertilization of the Soil). This day is also held on April 15.

SOIL CONSERVATION

UPF TV: Conservação do Solo

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1965
Foundation of Embratel.

Embratel is Brazil’s second largest telecommunication company. Embratel stands for Empresa Brasileira de Telecomunicações S.A. At the time of its creation in 1965, Brazil counted a little more than one million telephones, and a few telegraph lines. in 1969, Embratel realized the first satellite connection. The first satellite message was the blessing by pope Paul VI, from Rome. One year later, Brazilians were able to receive direct broadcasts of the soccer matches during the World Cup in Mexico. In 1972, there was the first broadcast in color. During the eighties of the past century, international communication lines was able by satellites and cables in the Atlantic Ocean. In the nineties academic centers were connected with each other by fast optic fiber cables. In 1998, Embratel was privatized and sold to the American MCI Telecommunications. In 2004, the company was bought by the Mexican Telmex. Embratel is registered at the Bovespa stock exchange in São Paulo.

EMBRATEL
EMBRATEL	Clipe de abertura das transmissões da Copa do Mundo do México – 1970

---

1817
Creation of the Capitania de Alagoas.

The area of the tiny Brazilian state Alagoas – slightly smaller than Belgium – was occupied by the French in 1535, followed by the Portuguese. The Dutch invaded Alagoas from neighboring Pernambuco and occupied it from 1630 to 1645. Then Alagoas was reconquered by the Portuguese again. In 1706, Alagoas became a comarca, a district. Only at the end of the colonial era, it became a capitania. On June 11, 1891, the constitutional law was signed and Alagoas became a Brazilian state. The capital of Alagoas is Maceió, widely known for its beautiful beaches.

 

Maceió, capital of Alagoas

ALAGOAS (AL)
Alagoas é Bonito Demais	Maceió a Maragogi Alagoas é assim
TERRA DE ALAGOAS	Tourism Alagoas

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom  © 2007, 2015

.