Brazilian Days (317): November 13

Brazilian Days 317

November 13

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Moço Espírita

(Spiritist Youth). According to the spiritist doctrine according to Allan Kardec, spirits reincarnate at the time of birth and evolute with the growing individual. During the youth, the mind is still fully open, inviting for all senses around. This is written down clearly in a psychographic poem by Ivan de Albuquerque:

A mocidade espírita é beleza,
Iluminada e sempre nobre empresa,
Nos tempos tenros da reencarnação.
Esse é um período de necessidade
De sedimentar em si a verdade,
Na intensa busca da renovação.

Tempo de jovem é o de empreendimento,
Alteando sempre o próprio sentimento,
Valorizando a marcha sobre a Terra.
É tempo de aprender, lucidamente,
De ser ousado no bem, diferente,
De se ajustar ao que o Evangelho encerra.

Ser moço espírita é ter mente aberta
E a alma disposta ao trabalho, referta
De entusiasmo em função do Espiritismo.
É saber dinamizar a alegria
Que lhe nutrirá o ser dia por dia,
Vivenciando um feliz cristotropismo.

Que seja o jovem esse bandeirante
Que saiba abrir mais espaços, triunfante,
Fazendo amigos pela vida afora.
Seria bom se, moço, compreendesse,
E na maturidade, então, crescesse
Conquistando leveza desde agora.

Que bom se o jovem nunca permitisse
Em si qualquer coisa que o consumisse
E que o conduzisse à perturbação.
Renovaria as tendências da infância,
Atido aos cuidados da vigilância,
Jamais aceitando a drogadição.

Estuda, assim, irmão da juventude,
Ajusta-te à conquista da virtude
Maior que adentrará os dias teus.
Conquista o amor no bojo da existência,
Estuda e eleva o nível dessa ciência
Que nos conduz ao encontro de Deus.

Ivan de Albuquerque
Mensagem psicografada pelo médium Raul Teixeira, em 15.11.2003,
durante o Encontro Estadual de Trabalhadores Espíritas, Anápolis-GO.

SPIRITISM AND REINCARNATION
Raul Teixeira – A Lei da Reencarnação	Raul Teixeira – espiritismo em nossa vida
Raul Teixeira – Que médium sou eu	Palestra Educação Espírita – Raul Teixeira

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1980
Approval of the Amendment upon the Constitutional Law that allowed direct governor elections again. 

The Congress, still under control of the military dictators, approved the amendment. Now the process was started for the governor elections in 1982. In addition, senators were no longer appointed.

---

1822
Porto Alegre (RS) elevated to the status of a city.

In 1750, on the location of what is now Porto Alegre, a colony was founded by migrants from the Azores. The Castillian invasion of the province of Rio Grande do Sul and the invasion of its capital Rio Grande forced many Portuguese to move to other regions. In 1772, the settlement was parted, due to a ecclesiastical mandate. One part – the older Porto dos Casais – was continued as Freguesia de São Francisco. The other part was baptized – about one year later – into Madre de Deus de Porto Alegre. The latter location became the new capital of the province. The historic center of Porto Alegre has a labyrinth pattern, which had a defensive function. In 1809, the settlement was elevated to the status of a village, and in 1822 it gained the status of a city. At present, Porto Alegre – at more than 2000 km from the Federal Capital Brasília – counts more than 1.5 million inhabitants.

 

PORTO ALEGRE (RS)
História de Porto Alegre – Parte 1 – 3	História de Porto Alegre – Parte 2 – 3
História de Porto Alegre – Parte 3 – 3	Breve História das Capitas Brasileiras – Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre (english)	Aprecie Porto Alegre – English

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (316): November 12

Brazilian Days 316

November 12

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia Nacional do Supermercado

(Supermarket). Although some sources indicate 11 November as Dia do Supermercado, on 12 November 1968 a law (Lei 7208) was introduced referring to supermarkets. On the same day, Abras (Associação Brasileira de Supermercados: Brazilian Association of Supermarkets) was founded. For more than thirty years, Abras awards a annual trophy for the supplier with whom supermarkets experienced best interactions. The largest supermarket groups are: Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição (Grupo Pão de Açúcar, with Extra), Carrefour, Wal-Mart, Cencosud (Bretas), Zaffari.

---

Dia Nacional do Diretor de Escola

(School director). As already described yesterday, there is some confusion about this day: 11 or 12 November. It is easier to consider that school directors have two days to celebrate…

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1914
Death of poet Augusto de Carvalho Rodrigues dos Anjos (1884-1914).

Augusto, born in Paraíba, was taught to read by his father. In 1903, he started to study Law in Recife and graduated four years later. However, he did not work as a lawyer, but he was a teacher of Portuguese language and literature. Augusto, already married, then moved to Rio de Janeiro, to teach Geography. In 1911, his only son died prematurely. Two years later, he moved to Minas Gerais to manage a group of schools and to give private classes. In 1912, his first and only book was published: ‘Eu” (‘I’). This book made Augusto one of the greatest poets of his time. He did not enjoy his fame for a long time. Augusto died because of pneumonia at the age of 30, in 1914.

A Idéia

De onde ela vem?!
De que matéria bruta
Vem essa luz que sobre as nebulosas
Cai de incógnitas criptas misteriosas
Como as estalactites duma gruta?!
Vem da psicogenética e alta luta
Do feixe de moléculas nervosas,
Que, em desintegrações maravilhosas,
Delibera, e depois, quer e executa!
Vem do encéfalo absconso que a constringe,
Chega em seguida às cordas do laringe,
Tísica, tênue, mínima, raquítica …
Quebra a força centrípeta que a amarra,
Mas, de repente, e quase morta, esbarra
No mulambo da língua paralítica.

^Source

---

1823
Dissolution of the Constitutional Assembly by Emperor Pedro I

This assembly was created on 23 May 1823. Per decree, and with military help, the emperor dissolved the assembly, since he was at oods with the parliamentarians.

---

1986
Brazil granted asylum to Chilean political refugees.

Brazil, freed from the dictatorial government only one year before, granted asylum to seven Chilean political refugees.

---

1864
Start of the Paraguayan War.

As a reaction upon the Brazilian invasion in Uruguay, Paraguayan troops of the vessel “Tacuarí‘  boarded the Brazilian vessel ‘Marquês de Olinda’ and captured the crew. This action was ordered by the Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López. The war only ended in 1870, after the death of the dictator.

 
Paraguayan dictator Lópes

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
,

Brazilian Days (315): November 11

Brazilian Days 315

November 11

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Armistício

(Armistice Day). Today, the end of the First World War (1914-1918) is commemorated. Brazil was not directly involved in this global war. There were large colonies of German migrants in Southern Brazil, and the Brazilian minister of Foreign Affairs – Lauro Muller- had German roots. However, German aggression also hit Brazil: off the French coast, the vessel ‘Paraná’ was torpedoed (5 April 1917). In Rio de Janeiro, German trade houses were invaded, and one week later, the German consul was forced to leave Brazil. On 26 October 1917, after the resignation of Muller, Brazil declared war to Germany. A Brazilian expedition force was organized, but at the time of the start of the expedition mission, the armistice was signed. The plan was to send the expedition force to Mesopotamia, because of the climate. Nevertheless, some missions were sent, and some soldiers were involved in a number of battles.

^{President Brás signed the Declaration of War source}

---

Dia do Diretor de Escola

(School director). This day is on 11 or 12 November? Some research on the internet did not provide a clear answer. Even government sites show both dates. The school director, therefore, receives attention on both days.

^{Indeed: in Brazil, one may enter some course to become school director. source}

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1955
Deposition of President Carlos Luz by a military coup

Only three days earlier, Carlos Coimbra Luz (1894-1961), was installed as President. As head of the Chamber of Deputies, he was the next in line of succession. President João Café Filho decided, after more than one year (succeeding President Getúlio Vargas, after his suicide in 1954) to step down. On 11 November, Minister of Defense (Teixeira Lott), backed by the army, deposed Carlos Luz, since they feared that Carlos would not step down to make place for his elected successor: Juscelino Kubitschek. The military leaders put forward the chairman of the Senate, Nereu de Oliveira Ramos (1888-1958), as interim-president. Ramos stayed in office until 31 January 1956, when Kubitschek was installed as his successor.

     ^source
The five Brazilian presidents between 1954 and 1956
from left to right: Vargas, Café Filho, Luz, Ramos, Kubitschek

---

1904
Start of the Vaccination Revolt in Rio de Janeiro.

Early 20th century, Rio de Janeiro was a dirty city. Many people, mainly migrants, died because of yellow fever, tuberculosis, and plague. President Francisco de Paulo Rodrigues Alves wanted to end this miserable situation. He called the expert assistance of Oswaldo Cruz, in order to improve the hygienic circumstances. Rio had undergone a recent metamorphosis: traditional dwellings were demolished in order to create space fro wide boulevards and small flats. Oswald worked thoroughly. Rat fighting teams were sent, and people were urge to remove garbage from the streets. In order to battle yellow fever, a legally mandatory vaccination program was introduced. The people did not see the effectiveness of the vaccination; rumors about the negative effects were spread around. They started revolts that lasted for a week, in Rio. Throughout the city, barricades were set up, and large groups were fighting with the police. As a result, about thirty people died in these clashes, and more than one hundred wounded, and one thousand captured. More than half of the captured were deported to Acre, near the Bolivian border, in order to work there. One a few returned afterwards.

Barricades in Rio

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.
.

Brazilian Days (314): November 10

Brazilian Days 314

November 10

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Trigo

(Wheat). Wheat was the first crop that was grown by man. Wheat also gained religious status, by offering it to the God(s) in various religions. Wheat already was ground before the Greek era; the Greek and Romans improved grounding techniques. In 1534, wheat was imported in Brazil by the Portuguese. The expedition of Martim Afonso da Souza brought wheat grains to land, where they were first sown in the capitania of São Vicente.

---

Dia do Ruralismo

(Rural life).

---

Dia da Nota Fiscal

(Receipt). In Brazil, you need to receive a nota fiscal for every transaction or service. This receipt is also essential for the calculation of the taxes. Even a simple supermarket receipt contains separate tax percentages of all products. Since 2004, the Brazilian Ministry of Treasury stimulates the electronic version: Nota Fiscal Eletrônica (NF-e). On their web site one may read how many electronic receipts have been authorized (5.7 billion on 9 November 2012)

^bron

---

Dia Nacional do Balconista

(Clerk). The Dia do Balconista was also held on 30 October.

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1975
Zionism is defined as a kind of racism, by the United Nations.

The Brazilian delegation supported this resolution 3379.

---

1555
Arrival of the French expedition in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro.

ankomst van het Franse eskader, onder het commando van Nicolau Durand de Villegaignon, in de Baai van Guanabara. This expedition force was commanded by Nicolau Durand de Villegaignon. The location of future Rio de Janeiro was occupied by the French, who founded their colony French Antarctica. The settlement on Ilha de Serigipe was renamed into Henriville, honoring French king Henri III. Two years later, more French would arrive. Eventually, the French were ousted from Rio de Janeiro. It occurred in 1560, by  the Portuguese forces, commanded by MEm de Sá.

“Na ilhota de 100 léguas ou 30 mil metros quadrados, Villegaignon aportara em 10 de novembro de 1555 com duas naus, 140 homens, nenhuma mulher e um sonho: criar uma extensão tropical da França na Guanabara, seio do mar , na língua dos tamoios, indios moradores dali. Conseguiu. Os franceses, a maioria prisioneiros arrebanhados nas masmorras de Paris, se aliaram aos nativos. Juntos, construíram 19 casinhas de sapê com telhados de palha e duas pequenas fortalezas sobre os dois únicos montes de pedra da ilha.”
^source

 

---

1864
Imperial vessel ‘Marquês de Olinda’ boarded by Paraguayan troops.

The crew was captured. This action, ordered by the Paraguayan government, headed by dictator Francisco Solano Lopez, became the start of the war of triple Alliance (Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay) against Paraguay. In 1870, following the death of the dictator, Paraguay surrendered. The small country suffered significantly during the war.

---

1937
Installation of Getúlio Vargas as president of the Third Brazilian Republic, the Novo Estado.

Getúlio was the leader of the Revolution in 1930, which helped him in power.  In 1937, Getúlio accepted the presidency. He then dismantled the Congresso Nacional (Brazilian Congress). The dictatorial era of Vargas would last until 1945.

 

---

1937
Announcement of the Third Republican Constitutional Law in Brazil.

Following the installation Getúlio Vargas as president, and the shut-down of the Congress, the new constitutional law was introduced. It would provide Getúlio more presidential powers. Political parties were forbidden, and decrees were issued, which ignited large-scale industrialization in Brazil.


^{Vargas reads the new
constitutional law.}

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (313): November 9

Brazilian Days 313

November 9

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Manequim

(Mannequin).

---

Dia Nacional do Hoteleiro

(Hotel owner). On 9 November 1936, The Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Hotéis (ABIH Nacional; Brazilian Association of Hotel Industry) was founded during the National Congress of Hotel Owners in Rio de Janeiro. On this day, the ABIH stimulates the members to offer at least 20 breakfasts to children in need. In the week surrounding this day, the ABIH hopes to have offered 7000 meals, and a large amount of bedlinen, towels, and recreation activities.

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1843
Death of father Diogo Antônio Feijó

  

---

1964
Death of writer Cecília Meireles

She was the first Brazilian female author whose work was recognized by the Brazilian Academy of Literature.

  

---

1889
Imperial Ball at Ilha Fiscal, Rio de Janeiro.

The Ball was organized to honor the officers of the Chilean vessel ‘Almirante Cochrane’, and was the last official representation of Dom Pedro II as Brazilian Emperor. Ilha Fiscal is located in the Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro. About 4500 guests participated in this excessive party, which cost about ten percent of the annual budget for the province of Rio de Janeiro. The expenses were paid from a fund that was meant to battle the drought in the province of Ceará. Unconfirmed sources claim that the emperor fell, when he entered the ball room. He then might have stated: O monarca escorregou, mas a monarquia não caiu! (The monarch fell, but the monarchy did not!). The party ignited popular revolt and the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic, only 6 days later.

 

---

1889
Realization of a republican reunion at Clube Militar, Rio de Janeiro

The reunion dealt with the plans to bring down the Brazilian monarchy and to install the Brazilian republic.

---

1968
Symbolical start of the construction of  Ponte Rio-Niterói by Queen Elizabeth II

Officially, the bridge is called Ponte Presidente Costa e Silva. The bridge was inaugurated on 4 April 1974. It is 13.3 km long and spans the Guanabara Bay between Rio de Janeiro and Niterói. More than 140 thousand motorized vehicles pass the bridge daily.

---

1972
Creation of Telebrás, the Brazilian telecom company

The company was created by the federal government, in order to control the operation and the expansion of the Brazilian telephone system. In 1988, Telebrás was dismembered into Embratel and a number of smaller telecom companies, as a result of privatization policy. In 2011, Telebrás was created again, to be the backbone of a national project (Plano Nacional de Banda Larga; PNBL)  that must provide broadband internet throughout Brazil before 2014.

  

---

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (312): November 8

Brazilian Days 312

November 8

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia do Radiologista 

(Radiologist). On 8 November 1895, X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

  

---

Dia Mundial do Urbanismo

(World Town Planning Day). The international organization for World Town Planning Day was founded in 1949 by Carlos Maria della Paolera, from Buenos Aires (Argentina). His interest was to advance public and professional interest in planning. At present the WTPD is celebrated in about thirty countries. In Brazil, the day is established per decree (Decreto Nº 91.900) of 8 November 1985.

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1934
Death of Brazilian scientist Carlos Chagas (1879-1934) .

Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano Chagas was born on 9 July 1879 in Oliveira (MG). He attended school in São João del Rei and Ouro Preto, before he started to study medicine in Rio de Janeiro, where he graduated in 1903. Two years later, he was contracted by physician Oswaldo Cruz in order to help to eradicate a malaria epidemic in the interior of the state of São Paulo. Carlos then returned to Rio de Janeiro where he started his life-time career at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. In 1909, he was sent to a small city in the Amazon Region, where he tried to combat a malaria outbreak. Carlos discovered that a so-called assassin bug was responsible for a thus far unknown disease. The bug’s intestines contained protozoa, which he named after Oswaldo Cruz: Trypanosoma cruzi. For this discovery and his description of the disease, Carlos was nominated two times for the Nobel Prize, in 1913 and in 1921, but did not win this prestigious prize. Following Oswaldo Cruz’ death in 1917, Carlos became director of the Institute, until his death in 1934.

CARLOS CHAGAS
Carlos Chagas – 130 anos – De Lá Pra Cá – 31/08/2009	CARLOS CHAGAS

---

1763
Birth of José Bonifácio, patriarch of the Brazilian independence.

JOSÉ BONIFÁCIO
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva – Série “Construtores do Brasil” – TV Câmara	José Bonifacio – O arquiteto de uma nação (preview)

 

  

---

1990
Start of the mobile phone system in Brazil

 

---

1955
Installation of Carlos Coimbra Luz as president of Brazil

CARLOS COIMBRA LUZ

Presidente Carlos Luz

 

---

1799
Birth of Evaristo Pereira da Veiga e Barros, text writer of the Brazilian Independence Hymn.

---

1799
Execution of four leaders of the “Conjuração Baiana”, the Bahian Conspiration.

  

   

---

1817
Guiana is given back to France

---

1822
Battle of Pirajá: first Brazilian victory against the Portuguese.

  

---

1905
Mutiny of soldiers of Fortress Santa Cruz (Rio de Janeiro)

They revolted against maltreatment.One major, one lieutenant and one sergeant were killed.

---

1969
Installation of the Sistema de Discagem Direta à Distância (DDD system) between Porto Alegre and São Paulo.

---

1984
Estatute da Microempresa (Small Business Act) approved by Brazilian National Congress.

The Estatuto da Microempresa would benefit small businesses with up to ten employees.

---

1986
First Southern American pediatric heart transplant, in Brazil.

Karina Dal Rovere underwent the transplantation at the age of seven.

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.

Brazilian Days (311): November 7

Brazilian Days 311

November 7

.

---

DAY OF:

---

Dia da Ação Católica

(Catholic Action). Catholic action was the name of many groups formed by lay Catholics, in order to encourage Catholic influence on the society. Most Catholic Actions were active in the 19th century in traditionally Catholic countries. In Brazil, writer Alceu Amoroso Lima, better known for his pseudonym Tristâo de Ataíde, converted himself to Catholicism and eventually became head of  the Brazilian Catholic Action (Ação Católica Brasilera, created in 1935). He was fiercely opposed against totalitarianism and fascism. Since early 1960s, the Brazilian Catholic Movement suffered an ideological schism between leftist (led by Dom Helder Câmara) and rightist wings. The Catholic Action had five different youth movements: highschool students (JEC), agrarians (JAC), university students (JUC), workers (JOC), and independents (JIC).

---

Dia Nacional dos Tribunais de Contas

(Court of Audit). The idea of the creation of a Tribunal de Contas was proposed on 23 June 1826, by Viscount de Barbacena and José Inácio Borges. It lasted several decades before the Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU; Federal Court of Audit) was created, on 7 November 1890. Minister of Treasury, Rui Barbosa, took this initiative. The definitive installation of the Tribunal only happened on 17 January 1893.

“aplicam-se, no que couber, à organização, composição e fiscalização dos Tribunais de Contas dos Estados e do Distrito Federal, bem como dos Tribunais e Conselhos de Contas dos Municípios”.

YouTube channel TCU

TRIBUNAL DE CONTAS DA UNIÃO (TCU)
O QUE É O TCU.	O que é o Tribunal de Contas da União

---

BRAZILIAN HISTORY:

---

1825
First issue of the newspaper ‘O Diário de Pernambuco’

O Diaro became the first newspaper in Latin America.

  

O DIÁRIO DE PERNAMBUCO
Parabéns Diario de Pernambuco. Com você há 187 aniversários	188 Anos do Diario de Pernambuco

---

1837
Start of the Sabinada Revolution in Bahia

The rebellion was led by Sabino Álvares da Rocha Vieira. In 1831, Emperor Dom Pedro I abdicated and left for Europe. His son, Pedro II, was too young to succeed him. Between 1831 and 1840, Brazil was governed by different regents. Among them, Padre Feijó is the best known. The regents proved to be unable to control the immense country, and a number of regions and provinces – dissatisfied with the centralist government in Rio de Janeiro – started rebellions and revolts against the government. The province of Bahia already had some rebel actions in the past, such as the Bahian Conspiracy, the Bahian Independence War, and the Malé Revolt. In the early morning of 7 November 1837, Sabino and his followers reached the city of Salvador, where they were joined by the soldiers of Fortaleza de São Pedro. Governor Francisco de Souza Paraíso was ousted and the ‘República Bahiense’ (Bahian Republic) was proclaimed. They made clear that the new republic would cease to exist until Pedro II was old enough to become emperor. The central government in Rio reacted with the appointment of a new governor. Salvador then suffered a sea blockade, whereas government troops moved on land to the city. Between 13 and 15 March 1838, the last rebels surrendered.

 

SABINADA REVOLUTION
A Revolta de Sabinada	Revolta Sabinada

 

---

1848
Start of Praieira Revolution in Olinda (PE)

The last of the significant insurrections against the Brazilian central government was the Brazilian answer of a series of revolutions in Europe. The revolution was led by liberal activists against the conservative government in the state of Pernambuco, which had close links to the local aristocracy. The ignition for the rebellion was the appointment of the new Conservative cabinet by emperor Dom Pedro II. The so-called praieiros (members of the radical wing of the liberals) started in Olinda and quickly spread through Pernambuco. The weak rebellions were quickly contained by federal troops, at the cost of 800 dead and 1700 wounded.

  

PRAIEIRA REVOLUTION
Revolução Praieira	Revolução Praieira

 

---

1973
Announcement of the discovery of an oil well in Campos (RJ), by Petrobrás.

BACIA DE CAMPOS
PETROLEO Bacia de Campos comemoração 35 anos	Crescem reservas de petróleo no Brasil

---

1984
Installation of Small Claims Courts by the Brazilian government

The so-called juizados de pequenas causas, or Juizado Especial Cível.

JUIZADO ESPECIAL CÍVEL
Programa Fórum Legal – Juizado Especial Cível	ISSO É LEGAL #2 JUIZADO DE PEQUENAS CAUSAS

By Adriano Antoine Robbesom © 2007, 2015
.